CASE

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Case Name

Sylvester v. Austria, nos. 36812/97 and 40104/98, (2003) 37 E.H.R.R. 17

INCADAT reference

HC/E/AT 502

Court

Name

European Court of Human Rights

Level

European Court of Human Rights (ECrtHR)

Judge(s)
Mr C.L. ROZAKIS, President, Mrs F. TULKENS, Mr G. BONELLO, Mr P. LORENZEN, Mrs N. VAJIÆ, Mrs S. BOTOUCHAROVA, Mrs E. STEINER, judges, and Mr S. NIELSEN, Deputy Section Registrar

States involved

Requesting State

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Requested State

AUSTRIA

Decision

Date

24 April 2003

Status

Final

Grounds

Issues Relating to Return

Order

-

HC article(s) Considered

-

HC article(s) Relied Upon

-

Other provisions
European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR)
Authorities | Cases referred to
Ignaccolo-Zenide v. Romania ([GC], no. 31679/96, ECHR 2000-I); Nuutinen v. Finland (no. 32842/96, ECHR 2000-VIII); Hokkanen v. Finland, judgment of 23 September 1994, Series A no. 299, p. 20; Olsson v. Sweden (no.2), judgment of 27 November 1992, Series A no. 250, p. 35; W. v. the United Kingdom, judgment of 8 July 1987, Series A no. 121, p. 29; Hornsby v. Greece (judgment of 25 February 1997, Reports of Judgments and Decisions 1997-II; McMichael v. the United Kingdom, judgment of 24 February 1995, Series A no. 307-B, p. 57.

INCADAT comment

Implementation & Application Issues

Procedural Matters
Enforcement of Return Orders

Inter-Relationship with International / Regional Instruments and National Law

European Convention of Human Rights (ECHR)
European Court of Human Rights (ECrtHR) Judgments

SUMMARY

Summary available in EN | FR | ES

Facts

The case related to a girl, born in September 1994, to an Austrian mother and an American father. The family had their last common residence in Michigan (USA). On 30 October 1995 the mother unilaterally removed the child to Austria. On 31 October the father issued return proceedings in Austria.

On 20 December the Graz District Civil Court, (Bezirksgericht für Zivilrechtssachen) ordered that the child be returned to the United States. It found that the removal had been wrongful and rejected the mother's arguments that the child would be exposed to a grave risk of harm. It considered that the child's return could not be hindered by the fact that the mother was her main person of reference and that returning could cause a massive trauma affecting her development. Otherwise, mothers of small children could easily circumvent the aim of the Hague Convention.

On 19 January 1996 the Graz Regional Civil Court (Landesgericht für Zivilrechtssachen) dismissed an appeal by the mother. On 27 February the Supreme Court (Oberster Gerichtshof) dismissed a further appeal by the mother. On 27 February the father filed an application for the enforcement of the return order of 20 December 1995.

On 8 May the Graz District Civil Court ordered the enforcement of the return order under section 19 (1) of the Non-Contentious Proceedings Act (Ausserstreitgesetz). It noted that it was necessary to order coercive measures as there were indications that the mother was obstructing the child's return. In the early hours of 10 May, an attempt to enforce the return order was made in accordance with the terms set out in the order of 8 May. This was unsuccessful.

On 15 May the mother appealed against the decision of 8 May 1996 and filed an application for the award of sole custody of the child. On 29 May the United States District Court, Eastern District of Michigan, issued an arrest warrant against the child's mother on suspicion of international parental kidnapping. On 18 June the father made a further application for the enforcement of the return order. On 25 June the Graz District Civil Court, at the request of the mother, transferred jurisdiction to the Leibnitz District Court, in the judicial district of which the mother had purportedly established her residence.

On 29 August the Graz Regional Civil Court granted an appeal by the father against the transfer of jurisdiction and, on the mother's appeal, quashed the Graz District Civil Court's enforcement order of 8 May 1996 and referred the case back to it. Referring to section 19 (1) of the Non-Contentious Proceedings Act, the Graz Regional Civil Court found that, in the enforcement proceedings, the child's well-being had to be taken into account in so far as a change in the situation had occurred since the issue of the return order and the taking of coercive measures.

The court ordered the District Court to examine whether the situation had changed since the return order of 20 December 1995. It also ordered the District Court to obtain the opinion of an expert child psychologist on the question whether the child's return would entail a grave risk of physical or psychological harm and whether coercive measures were compatible with the interests of the child's well-being.

In response to requests by the US Central Authority as regards the conduct of the case, the Austrian Ministry of Justice replied that the father was represented by counsel in the Austrian proceedings and that it was up to him to take all necessary steps to obtain the enforcement of the return order. It also pointed out that there were only rather limited possibilities to locate a child who had disappeared after a return order had been made.

On 15 October the Supreme Court dismissed an appeal by the father and set aside the enforcement order of 8 May 1996. It noted in particular that the notion of the child's well-being was central to the entire proceedings. When ordering coercive measures under section 19 (1) of the Non-Contentious Proceedings Act, the court had to take the interests of the child's well-being into account, despite the fact that the return order was final, if the relevant situation had changed in the meantime. Having regard to the aims of the Hague Convention, a refusal of coercive measures was only justified if the child's return would entail a grave risk of physical or psychological harm for the child within the meaning of Article 13(b) of the Hague Convention.

In the present case, the mother had claimed that the child, who was now more than two years old, had become alienated from the father. The Supreme Court ruled that the Regional Court had rightly found that the question whether the return order could be enforced by coercive measures needed further examination, including an opinion by an expert in child psychology. Furthermore it might also prove necessary to assess whether or not the mother's allegations against the father were at all true.

In accordance with the Supreme Court's decision, the case was referred back to the Graz District Civil Court. On 23 April 1997 the Oakland Circuit Court issued a "safe harbour" order, valid until 21 October 1997, which provided, inter alia, that pending determination of custody in expedited proceedings, the father would not exercise his right to sole custody of the child; the child would live with her mother; the father would undertake to cover their living expenses; and the arrest warrant against the mother would be set aside as soon as she and the child boarded a direct flight to Michigan.

On 29 April the Graz District Civil Court dismissed an application by the father for enforcement of the return order.

Having regard to the considerable lapse of time since the return order had been made on 20 December 1995, the District Court found that there had been a change in the relevant circumstances, in that the child had lost all contact with the father while her ties with her mother and her maternal grandparents had become ever closer. Consequently, her return would expose her to serious psychological harm.

The court noted the father's statement of 28 April 1997 and his offer within the meaning of the "safe harbour" case-law but considered that this offer did not guarantee that the child's relationship with her main person of reference would be preserved in the long run. As this relationship was indispensable for her well-being, the application for enforcement of the return order had to be dismissed.

On 28 May the Graz Regional Civil Court dismissed an appeal by the father. It shared the District Court's view that the situation had changed fundamentally since the issuing of the return order. At that time the child had been much younger and, given the short time which had elapsed between her abduction and the issuing of the return order, had not yet lost contact with the father. A return of the child accompanied by her mother could not be envisaged either. Apart from the reasons adduced by the District Court, the mother would face criminal prosecution in the United States and the child would, accordingly, be taken away from her.

On 9 September the Supreme Court dismissed a further appeal by the father on the ground that it did not raise any important legal issues.

On 29 December the mother was awarded sole custody by the Graz District Civil Court. It noted that Article 16 of the Hague Convention, which prohibited the State to which the child has been abducted from taking a decision on custody while proceedings for the child's return were pending, no longer applied, as the decision not to enforce the return order had become final.

Following appeal proceedings the judgment became final on 31 March 1998.

On 26 May 1997 the father lodged an application with the European Commission of Human Rights. On 26 February 1998 an application was also lodged by his daughter. Father and daughter alleged that the non-enforcement of the final return order under the 1980 Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction had violated their rights under Articles 6 and 8 of the European Convention.

By a decision of 24 October 2000 the Court decided to join the applications. By a decision of 26 September 2002 the Court declared the applications admissible.

Ruling

The Court ruled unanimously that Austria had breached Article 8 of the ECHR in failing to take proper steps to enforce the order providing for the return of the child. The Court also made an award of compensation to the father under Article 41 of the ECHR, but by a 4 : 3 majority declined to make a financial award to the child who has also issued proceedings.

Grounds

Issues Relating to Return

The applicants contended that the interference with their right to respect for their family life was not justified under the second paragraph of Article 8. As in the Ignaccolo-Zenide v. Romania case ([GC], no. 31679/96, ECHR 2000-I) [INCADAT cite: HC/E/ 336], the courts had failed to take all reasonable measures to enforce the return order and the delays caused by them had eventually made the enforcement of the return order impossible. In particular, two and a half months had passed between the Supreme Court's decision of 27 February 1996 and the return of the file to the Graz District Civil Court on 7 May 1996. The applicants also contested that no further enforcement measures could be taken after the mother had appealed against the enforcement order. The Court reiterated that the essential object of Article 8 is to protect the individual against arbitrary action by the public authorities. Regard must be had to the fair balance that has to be struck between the competing interests of the individual and of the community as a whole; and in both contexts the State enjoys a certain margin of appreciation. The Court noted that the case was comparable to Ignaccolo-Zenide v. Romania, in which it had found that the positive obligations that Article 8 lays on Contracting States in the matter of reuniting a parent with his or her child must be interpreted in the light of the Hague Convention. However, it pointed out that the obligation to take such measures is not absolute, since the reunion of a parent with a child who has lived for some time with the other parent may not be able to take place immediately and may require preparatory measures to be taken. Moreover, any obligation to apply coercion in this area must be limited since the interests as well as the rights and freedoms of all concerned must be taken into account, and more particularly the best interests of the child and his or her rights under Article 8 of the Convention. Where contacts with the parent might appear to threaten those interests or interfere with those rights, it is for the national authorities to strike a fair balance between them. The Court recalled that the decisive issue with regard to the enforcement of family law judgments is whether the national authorities have taken all the necessary steps to facilitate execution as can reasonably be demanded in the special circumstances of each case. In such cases the adequacy of a measure is to be judged by the swiftness of its implementation, as the passage of time can have irremediable consequences for relations between the child and the parent who does not live with him or her. This was particularly the case under the Hague Convention. The Court accepted that a change in the relevant facts may exceptionally justify the non-enforcement of a final return order. However, having regard to the State's positive obligations under Article 8 and the general requirement of respect for the rule of law, the Court had to be satisfied that the change of relevant facts was not brought about by the State's failure to take all measures that could reasonably be expected to facilitate execution of the return order. Turning to the facts of the case the Court observed that the Graz Regional Civil Court's decision of 29 August 1996, setting aside the enforcement order, and the Supreme Court's decision of 15 October 1996 did not even mention the change of circumstances now relied on by the Austrian Government. That argument could not, therefore, serve to justify the non-enforcement of the return order. The decisions of 29 August and 15 October 1996 relied rather on the lapse of time and the ensuing alienation between father and daughter. The Court noted that while the main proceedings relating to the issuing of the return order were conducted with exemplary speed, there was no explanation for the delay of more than two months which occurred before the file was returned from the Supreme Court to the Graz District Court on 7 May 1996. Furthermore, after the first unsuccessful enforcement attempt on 10 May 1996 no further steps towards enforcement were taken despite the first applicant's request of 18 June 1996. The Government argued that no further enforcement attempts could be made as long as the mother's appeal of 15 May 1996 was pending. The Court held however that it was not required to examine the position under domestic law, as it is for each Contracting State to equip itself with adequate and effective means to ensure compliance with its positive obligations under Article 8 of the Convention. Without overlooking the difficulties created by the resistance of the second applicant's mother, the Court ruled that the lapse of time was to a large extent caused by the authorities' own handling of the case. In this connection, the Court reiterated that effective respect for family life requires that future relations between parent and child not be determined by the mere effluxion of time. The Court noted that the authorities did not take any measures to create the necessary conditions for executing the return order while the lengthy enforcement proceedings were pending. Referring to its previous judgment in the case of Ignaccolo-Zenide v. Romania it rejected the Austrian government’s view that it was for the father’s lawyer to take all necessary steps to obtain enforcement. The Court noted that an applicant's omission could not absolve the authorities from their obligations in the matter of execution, since it is they who exercise public authority. The Court concluded that the Austrian authorities failed to take, without delay, all the measures that could reasonably be expected to enforce the return order, and thereby breached the applicants' right to respect for their family life, as guaranteed by Article 8. The Court did not examine the facts under Article 6. Damages Austria was ordered to pay the father 20,000 euros in respect of non-pecuniary damage and just over 22,000 euros in respect of costs and expenses. By 4 votes to 3 the Court held that the finding of a violation constituted in itself sufficient just satisfaction for any non-pecuniary damage sustained by the child.

INCADAT comment

Enforcement of Return Orders

Where an abducting parent does not comply voluntarily the implementation of a return order will require coercive measures to be taken.  The introduction of such measures may give rise to legal and practical difficulties for the applicant.  Indeed, even where ultimately successful significant delays may result before the child's future can be adjudicated upon in the State of habitual residence.  In some extreme cases the delays encountered may be of such length that it may no longer be appropriate for a return order to be made.


Work of the Hague Conference

Considerable attention has been paid to the issue of enforcement at the Special Commissions convened to review the operation of the Hague Convention.

In the Conclusions of the Fourth Review Special Commission in March 2001 it was noted:

"Methods and speed of enforcement

3.9        Delays in enforcement of return orders, or their non-enforcement, in certain Contracting States are matters of serious concern. The Special Commission calls upon Contracting States to enforce return orders promptly and effectively.

3.10        It should be made possible for courts, when making return orders, to include provisions to ensure that the order leads to the prompt and effective return of the child.

3.11        Efforts should be made by Central Authorities, or by other competent authorities, to track the outcome of return orders and to determine in each case whether enforcement is delayed or not achieved."

See: < www.hcch.net >, under "Child Abduction Section" then "Special Commission meetings on the practical operation of the Convention" and "Conclusions and Recommendations".

In preparation for the Fifth Review Special Commission in November 2006 the Permanent Bureau prepared a report entitled: "Enforcement of Orders Made Under the 1980 Convention - Towards Principles of Good Practice", Prel. Doc. No 7 of October 2006, (available on the Hague Conference website at < www.hcch.net >, under "Child Abduction Section" then "Special Commission meetings on the practical operation of the Convention" then "Preliminary Documents").

The 2006 Special Commission encouraged support for the principles of good practice set out in the report which will serve moreover as a future Guide to Good Practice on Enforcement Issues, see: < www.hcch.net >, under "Child Abduction Section" then "Special Commission meetings on the practical operation of the Convention" then "Conclusions and Recommendations" then "Special Commission of October-November 2006"


European Court of Human Rights (ECrtHR)

The ECrtHR has in recent years paid particular attention to the issue of the enforcement of return orders under the Hague Convention.  On several occasions it has found Contracting States to the 1980 Hague Child Abduction Convention have failed in their positive obligations to take all the measures that could reasonably be expected to enforce a return order.  This failure has in turn led to a breach of the applicant parent's right to respect for their family life, as guaranteed by Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), see:

Ignaccolo-Zenide v. Romania, No. 31679/96, (2001) 31 E.H.R.R. 7, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/ 336];

Sylvester v. Austria, Nos. 36812/97 and 40104/98, (2003) 37 E.H.R.R. 17, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/ 502];

H.N. v. Poland, No. 77710/01, (2005) 45 EHRR 1054, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/ 811];

Karadžic v. Croatia, No. 35030/04, (2005) 44 EHRR 896, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/ 819];

P.P. v. Poland, No. 8677/03, 8 January 2008, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/ 941].

The Court will have regard to the circumstances of the case and the action taken by the national authorities.  A delay of 8 months between the delivery of a return order and enforcement was held not to have constituted a breach of the left behind parent's right to family life in:

Couderc v. Czech Republic, 31 January 2001, No. 54429/00, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/ 859].

The Court has dismissed challenges by parents who have argued that enforcement measures, including coercive steps, have interfered with their right to a family life, see:

Paradis v. Germany, 15 May 2003, No. 4783/03, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/ 860];

A.B. v. Poland, No. 33878/96, 20 November 2007, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/ 943];

Maumousseau and Washington v. France, No. 39388/05, 6 December 2007, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/ 942].

The positive obligation to act when faced with the enforcement of a custody order in a non-Hague Convention child abduction case was upheld in:

Bajrami v. Albania, 12 December 2006 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/ 898].

However, where an applicant parent has contributed to delay this will be a relevant consideration, see as regards the enforcement of a custody order following upon an abduction:

Ancel v. Turkey, No. 28514/04, 17 February 2009, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/ 1015].


Inter-American Commission on Human Rights

The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights has held that the immediate enforcement of a return order whilst a final legal challenge was still pending did not breach Articles 8, 17, 19 or 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights (San José Pact), see:

Case 11.676, X et Z v. Argentina, 3 October 2000, Inter-American Commission on Human Rights Report n°71/00, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/ 772].


Case Law on Enforcement

The following are examples of cases where a return order was made but enforcement was resisted:

Belgium
Cour de cassation 30/10/2008, C.G. c. B.S., N° de rôle: C.06.0619.F, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/BE 750];

Canada
H.D. et N.C. c. H.F.C., Cour d'appel (Montréal), 15 mai 2000, N° 500-09-009601-006 (500-04-021679-007), [INCADAT cite: HC/E/CA 915];

Switzerland
427/01/1998, 49/III/97/bufr/mour, Cour d'appel du canton de Berne (Suisse); [INCADAT cite: HC/E/CH 433];

5P.160/2001/min, Bundesgericht, II. Zivilabteilung (Tribunal Fédéral, 2ème Chambre Civile); [INCADAT cite: HC/E/CH 423];

5P.454/2000/ZBE/bnm, Bundesgericht, II. Zivilabteilung (Tribunal Fédéral, 2ème Chambre Civile); [INCADAT cite: HC/E/CH 786];

5P.115/2006/bnm, Bundesgericht, II. Zivilabteilung (Tribunal Fédéral, 2ème Chambre Civile); [INCADAT cite: HC/E/CH 840].

Enforcement may equally be rendered impossible because of the reaction of the children concerned, see:

United Kingdom - England & Wales
Re B. (Children) (Abduction: New Evidence) [2001] 2 FCR 531; [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 420];

United Kingdom - Scotland
Cameron v. Cameron (No. 3) 1997 SCLR 192; [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKs 112];

Spain
Auto Juzgado de Familia Nº 6 de Zaragoza (España), Expediente Nº 1233/95-B; [INCADAT cite: HC/E/ES 899].


Enforcement of Return Orders Pending Appeal

For examples of cases where return orders have been enforced notwithstanding an appeal being pending see:

Argentina
Case 11.676, X et Z v. Argentina, 3 October 2000, Inter-American Commission on Human Rights Report n° 11/00 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/ 772].

The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights has held that the immediate enforcement of a return order whilst a final legal challenge was still pending did not breach Articles 8, 17, 19 or 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights (San José Pact).

Spain
Sentencia nº 120/2002 (Sala Primera); Número de Registro 129/1999. Recurso de amparo [INCADAT cite: HC/E/ES 907];

United States of America
Fawcett v. McRoberts, 326 F.3d 491 (4th Cir. Va., 2003) [INCADAT cite: HC/E/USf 494].

In Miller v. Miller, 240 F.3d 392 (4th Cir. 2001) [INCADAT cite: HC/E/USf 461] while it is not clear whether the petition was lodged prior to the return being executed, the appeal was nevertheless allowed to proceed.

However, in Bekier v. Bekier, 248 F.3d 1051 (11th Cir. 2001) [INCADAT cite: HC/E/USf 909] an appeal was not allowed to proceed once the child was returned to the State of habitual residence.

In the European Union where following the entry into force of the Brussels IIa Regulation there is now an obligation that abductions cases be dealt with in a six week time frame, the European Commission has suggested that to guarantee compliance return orders might be enforced pending appeal, see Practice Guide for the application of Council Regulation (EC) No 2201/2003.

European Court of Human Rights (ECrtHR) Judgments