Case Law Search

Habitual Residence - Art. 3

Appeal dismissed, return refused

Appeal dismissed and return refused; the retention was not wrongful since the child was habitually resident in Sweden at the relevant date.

Grave Risk - Art. 13(1)(b) | Rights of Access - Art. 21

Access ordered; the court recognized and enforced the American access order.

Rights of Custody - Art. 3

Appeal dismissed, return ordered

Appeal dismissed and return ordered; the removal was wrongful and none of the exceptions were established to the standard required under the Convention.

Removal and Retention - Arts 3 and 12 | Grave Risk - Art. 13(1)(b)

Return ordered

Return ordered; the removal was wrongful as the mother alone had custody rights in respect of the children.

Rights of Custody - Art. 3

Return ordered

Return ordered; the removal was wrongful having been in breach of rights of custody which were being actually exercised at that time.

Grave Risk - Art. 13(1)(b)

Appeal allowed, return ordered

Appeal allowed. Removal wrongful and return ordered; the standard required under Article 13(1)(b) to indicate a grave risk of psychological harm had not been met.

Aims of the Convention - Preamble, Arts 1 and 2 | Rights of Custody - Art. 3 | Grave Risk - Art. 13(1)(b) | Undertakings | Procedural Matters

Return ordered

Return ordered; the removal was wrongful as it was in breach of the father's actually exercised rights of custody and the standard required under Article 13(1)(b) to indicate a grave risk of harm had not been met.

Issues Relating to Return | Grave Risk - Art. 13(1)(b) | Undertakings

Return ordered with undertakings offered

Removal wrongful and return ordered with undertakings offered; the standard of harm required under Article 13(1)(b) had not been made out.

Aims of the Convention - Preamble, Arts 1 and 2 | Rights of Custody - Art. 3 | Acquiescence - Art. 13(1)(a) | Grave Risk - Art. 13(1)(b)

Appeal allowed, return ordered

Appeal allowed and return ordered; the removal was wrongful as it was in breach of the father's rights of custody, and none of the exceptions had been proved to the standard required under the Convention.

Rights of Custody - Art. 3 | Grave Risk - Art. 13(1)(b) | Objections of the Child to a Return - Art. 13(2)

Challenge to legality dismissed; the removal was wrongful but Articles 13(1)(b) and 13(2) had been proved to the standard required under the Convention. The return was therefore refused.

Aims of the Convention - Preamble, Arts 1 and 2 | Grave Risk - Art. 13(1)(b)

Appeal dismissed, return ordered

Appeal dismissed and return ordered; the retention was wrongful and Article 13(1)(b) had not been proved to the required standard.

Aims of the Convention - Preamble, Arts 1 and 2 | Grave Risk - Art. 13(1)(b) | Procedural Matters

Appeal dismissed, return ordered

Appeal dismissed and return ordered; the removal was wrongful and none of the exceptions had been proved to the standard required under the Convention.

Aims of the Convention - Preamble, Arts 1 and 2 | Grave Risk - Art. 13(1)(b)

Appeal dismissed, return ordered

Appeal dismissed and return ordered; the removal was wrongful and Article 13(1)(b) had not been proved to the standard required under the Convention.

Rights of Custody - Art. 3 | Grave Risk - Art. 13(1)(b)

Challenge to legality dismissed; the removal was wrongful and Article 13(1)(b) had not been proved to the standard required under the Convention.

Procedural Matters

Appeal allowed and the order to return the children to the United States is to be enforced.

Rights of Custody - Art. 3 | Grave Risk - Art. 13(1)(b) | Procedural Matters

Return refused

Return refused; the removal was wrongful but the standard required under Article 13(1)(b) to indicate that the child would face a grave risk of psychological harm had been met.

Grave Risk - Art. 13(1)(b) | Undertakings | Objections of the Child to a Return - Art. 13(2) | Procedural Matters

Appeal dismissed, return ordered

Appeal dismissed and return ordered; the standard required under Article 13(1)(b) to indicate that the child would face a grave risk of psychological harm had not been met.

Grave Risk - Art. 13(1)(b) | Objections of the Child to a Return - Art. 13(2) | Procedural Matters

Return refused

Return refused; the removal was wrongful but on the strength of the child's objection to a return to France, the court exercised its discretion under Article 13(2) not to order her return.

Grave Risk - Art. 13(1)(b) | Objections of the Child to a Return - Art. 13(2)

Return ordered

Return ordered; the retention was wrongful and neither Article 13(1)(b) nor Article 13(2) had been proved to the standard required under the Convention.

Settlement of the Child - Art. 12(2)

Return refused

Return refused; the child was now settled in her new environment, per Article 12(2).