HC/E/FR 942
Cour européenne des Droits de l'homme, 3è Section
Cour européenne des droits de l’homme (CourEDH)
États-Unis d'Amérique
France
6 December 2007
Définitif
Risque grave - art. 13(1)(b) | Convention européenne des droits de l’homme (CEDH) | Questions liées au retour de l'enfant
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Arts. 6(1), 8 CEDH
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The child, a girl, was aged 2 ½ at the date of the alleged wrongful retention. The parents were married and lived in the United States. In March 2003 the mother took the child to France for a vacation. On 31 March 2003 the mother informed the father that she did not intend to return.
The Tribunal de Grande Instance de Draguignan dismissed the father's return petition. On 13 April 2004 the Cour d'appel d'Aix-en-Provence overturned the judgement of the trial court and ordered the return of the child. The mother filed an application to challenge the legality of this decision before the Cour de cassation. It was the mother's case that Article 13(1)(b) was applicable because a new change in the child's situation would expose her to a grave risk of harm.
She argued that the appellate court should have considered the removal of the child from her settled environment in France in the light of Article 8 of the ECHR, Article 3(1) UNCRC, general principles of public international law as well as constitutional principles. Moreover, the Court should not have ignored the grave risk inherent in the father's plan to move to Santo Domingo.
The legal challenge to the Cour de cassation did not suspend the enforcement of the Cour d'appel order. In July 2004 the mother was informed that she would be committing a criminal offence if she continued to retain her daughter.
On 23 September the State Prosecutor for Draguignan, assisted by 4 police officers, sought to take the child from her nursery school, however the mother, together with other parents and school staff resisted this attempt. Following a request by the mother the children's judge for Draguignan placed the child in a care facility and awarded each parent access rights.
On 3 December the Cour d'appel d'Aix-en-Provence ordered that the child be handed over to the father and the next day she was taken back to the United States.
On 14 June 2005 the Cour de cassation dismissed the mother's challenge against the legality of the appellate judgement and confirmed the return order, noting that the retention had been wrongful and Article 13(1)(b) had not been made out to the standard required under the Convention.
On 26 October the mother filed a petition with the ECHR. In February 2006 a family judge in New York upheld a request by the father to place conditions on the mother's exercise of access, notably by having judicial supervision of contact and making the mother put up a bond of $25,000. In April 2007 the tribunal de grande instance at Draguignan awarded the mother custody and the father access.
By a majority of 5 to 2 the Court ruled that the French authorities had not breached Article 8 of the ECHR either in ordering the return of the child to the United States, or, in the manner in which the return order was enforced. The Court held unanimously that there had been no breach of Article 6(1).
The mother argued that the return was contrary to the interests of the child and in the light of her young age had placed her in an intolerable situation. The mother further submitted that the child had suffered psychologically as a result of the attempt by the police to remove her from the nursery in September 2004. It was also the mother’s case that she had been deprived of her right of access to a court. The Court noted that whilst the return order would have interfered with the family life of the mother and daughter, the Convention had to be interpreted in the light of other international instruments, notably the 1980 Hague Convention and the 1989 UNCRC. It further held that the primary issue to be considered was whether within the margin of appreciation held by States in making a return order, a fair balance had been struck between the competing interests of the child, the parents and public policy. The Court recalled that the retention of the child by the mother had been wrongful and that the Cour d’appel d’Aix-en-Provence had considered the arguments under Article 13(1)(b) in detail before it had concluded that the mother’s accusations in respect of the father were unfounded. The Cour d’appel had also reflected on the separation of the child from the mother and in this held that the child would be able to adapt, and that in any event Article 13(1)(b) should not simply be considered from the perspective of the child being separated from the abductor. The Court noted that the findings of the Cour d’appel had been upheld by the Cour de cassation. Nevertheless the mother argued that the interpretation given to Article 13(1)(b) had been too restrictive and that full consideration had not been given to the best interests of the child, particularly the consequences of her having to leave France and of being separated from her primary carer. The Court held that the UNCRC had placed the best interests of the child at the heart of all measures on the protection of children. This principle could have a dual objective: firstly, to guarantee a child grows up in a safe environment and, secondly, that family ties are maintained, unless these are prejudicial. Turning to the Hague Convention, the Court noted that the protection of the best interests of the child was central to this instrument. The Court further stated that it supported entirely the policy of the 1980 Convention to protect children from the harmful effects of wrongful removals and retentions as well as to return them immediately to their State of habitual residence. The Court held that it could not follow the argument of the mother that the interpretation of Article 13(1)(b) by the national authorities was incompatible with the best interests of the child. It held that it was desirable for the best interests principle to be subjected to a uniform interpretation and in this noted that the UNCRC required States to take steps to combat child abductions. Furthermore the return mechanism in the 1980 Convention was not automatic, since there were exceptions which required the authorities seised of the case to reflect objectively on the situation of the child and his circumstances. The Court stated that were the mother’s arguments to be upheld then the Convention would be deprived of all effect. On the facts there was no risk the child would face a grave risk of harm on return and there was nothing to prevent the mother from accompanying her daughter. The Court concluded therefore that the best interests of the child had been duly considered and that these were understood in terms of her immediate return to her habitual place of residence. There was moreover nothing to indicate that the decision to return the child had not been conducted fairly or had not permitted the mother and daughter to assert their rights. The Court further rejected an argument that the child should have been interviewed by the national authorities. For the above reasons there had been no violation of Article 8.
Right to a Fair Trial The mother further submitted that there had been a breach of her right under Article 6(1) of the Convention. In this she argued that: the French authorities had not ensured that her rights would be guaranteed in the United States; she might not be able to go there if the father opposed her re-entry; and if she did gain entry she would not be able to see her daughter due to the terms of the New York Family Court order of February 2006. The Court unanimously rejected these submissions. First it noted that the conduct of litigation on custody and access was purely a matter for the United States authorities. It further recalled from the case of Pellegrini that where a non-Member State judgment was to be recognised in a Member State, the authorities of the latter country had to ensure that the foreign proceedings had complied with the terms of Article 6. Assuming the applicants in the present case were in an equivalent situation, the Court noted that the mother had not raised such arguments in the French proceedings. Furthermore from the court papers there was nothing to suggest that the New York proceedings had violated the essence of Article 6. The Court also noted that the French authorities had been under a Treaty obligation to order the return of the child to the United States, unless this would expose the daughter or mother to a clear denial of justice in that State. The Court rejected the mother’s arguments about gaining access to the United States as purely hypothetical, and as regard her participating in proceedings the Court noted that she had not appeared at the earlier US hearings, that she could still appeal the order of February 2006 and that the French Central Authority had proposed an attempt at mediation.
Enforcement Referring to previous case law on enforcement the Court recalled that whilst coercive measures were not desirable they should not be avoided in cases where the behaviour of the parent with care of the child was clearly wrongful. It added that speed was essential in respect of enforcement since delays could have irredeemable consequences on the relationship between the child and left behind parent. Turning to the enforcement attempt of September 2004 the Court noted that the mother had completely refused to cooperate with the French authorities despite the existence for over 6 months of an enforceable order. The intervention at the primary school was a consequence of this and whilst such actions could have had traumatising effects in the present case the actions had been carried out under direct judicial supervision. Furthermore in the face of the opposition of the mother, daughter and their supporters, the authorities had abandoned their attempt at enforcement. For the above reasons there had been no violation of Article 8.
Where an abducting parent does not comply voluntarily the implementation of a return order will require coercive measures to be taken. The introduction of such measures may give rise to legal and practical difficulties for the applicant. Indeed, even where ultimately successful significant delays may result before the child's future can be adjudicated upon in the State of habitual residence. In some extreme cases the delays encountered may be of such length that it may no longer be appropriate for a return order to be made.
Work of the Hague Conference
Considerable attention has been paid to the issue of enforcement at the Special Commissions convened to review the operation of the Hague Convention.
In the Conclusions of the Fourth Review Special Commission in March 2001 it was noted:
"Methods and speed of enforcement
3.9 Delays in enforcement of return orders, or their non-enforcement, in certain Contracting States are matters of serious concern. The Special Commission calls upon Contracting States to enforce return orders promptly and effectively.
3.10 It should be made possible for courts, when making return orders, to include provisions to ensure that the order leads to the prompt and effective return of the child.
3.11 Efforts should be made by Central Authorities, or by other competent authorities, to track the outcome of return orders and to determine in each case whether enforcement is delayed or not achieved."
See: < www.hcch.net >, under "Child Abduction Section" then "Special Commission meetings on the practical operation of the Convention" and "Conclusions and Recommendations".
In preparation for the Fifth Review Special Commission in November 2006 the Permanent Bureau prepared a report entitled: "Enforcement of Orders Made Under the 1980 Convention - Towards Principles of Good Practice", Prel. Doc. No 7 of October 2006, (available on the Hague Conference website at < www.hcch.net >, under "Child Abduction Section" then "Special Commission meetings on the practical operation of the Convention" then "Preliminary Documents").
The 2006 Special Commission encouraged support for the principles of good practice set out in the report which will serve moreover as a future Guide to Good Practice on Enforcement Issues, see: < www.hcch.net >, under "Child Abduction Section" then "Special Commission meetings on the practical operation of the Convention" then "Conclusions and Recommendations" then "Special Commission of October-November 2006"
European Court of Human Rights (ECrtHR)
The ECrtHR has in recent years paid particular attention to the issue of the enforcement of return orders under the Hague Convention. On several occasions it has found Contracting States to the 1980 Hague Child Abduction Convention have failed in their positive obligations to take all the measures that could reasonably be expected to enforce a return order. This failure has in turn led to a breach of the applicant parent's right to respect for their family life, as guaranteed by Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), see:
Ignaccolo-Zenide v. Romania, No. 31679/96, (2001) 31 E.H.R.R. 7, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/ 336];
Sylvester v. Austria, Nos. 36812/97 and 40104/98, (2003) 37 E.H.R.R. 17, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/ 502];
H.N. v. Poland, No. 77710/01, (2005) 45 EHRR 1054, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/ 811];
Karadžic v. Croatia, No. 35030/04, (2005) 44 EHRR 896, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/ 819];
P.P. v. Poland, No. 8677/03, 8 January 2008, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/ 941].
The Court will have regard to the circumstances of the case and the action taken by the national authorities. A delay of 8 months between the delivery of a return order and enforcement was held not to have constituted a breach of the left behind parent's right to family life in:
Couderc v. Czech Republic, 31 January 2001, No. 54429/00, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/ 859].
The Court has dismissed challenges by parents who have argued that enforcement measures, including coercive steps, have interfered with their right to a family life, see:
Paradis v. Germany, 15 May 2003, No. 4783/03, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/ 860];
A.B. v. Poland, No. 33878/96, 20 November 2007, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/ 943];
Maumousseau and Washington v. France, No. 39388/05, 6 December 2007, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/ 942].
The positive obligation to act when faced with the enforcement of a custody order in a non-Hague Convention child abduction case was upheld in:
Bajrami v. Albania, 12 December 2006 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/ 898].
However, where an applicant parent has contributed to delay this will be a relevant consideration, see as regards the enforcement of a custody order following upon an abduction:
Ancel v. Turkey, No. 28514/04, 17 February 2009, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/ 1015].
Inter-American Commission on Human Rights
The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights has held that the immediate enforcement of a return order whilst a final legal challenge was still pending did not breach Articles 8, 17, 19 or 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights (San José Pact), see:
Case 11.676, X et Z v. Argentina, 3 October 2000, Inter-American Commission on Human Rights Report n°71/00, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/ 772].
Case Law on Enforcement
The following are examples of cases where a return order was made but enforcement was resisted:
Belgium
Cour de cassation 30/10/2008, C.G. c. B.S., N° de rôle: C.06.0619.F, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/BE 750];
Canada
H.D. et N.C. c. H.F.C., Cour d'appel (Montréal), 15 mai 2000, N° 500-09-009601-006 (500-04-021679-007), [INCADAT cite: HC/E/CA 915];
Switzerland
427/01/1998, 49/III/97/bufr/mour, Cour d'appel du canton de Berne (Suisse); [INCADAT cite: HC/E/CH 433];
5P.160/2001/min, Bundesgericht, II. Zivilabteilung (Tribunal Fédéral, 2ème Chambre Civile); [INCADAT cite: HC/E/CH 423];
5P.454/2000/ZBE/bnm, Bundesgericht, II. Zivilabteilung (Tribunal Fédéral, 2ème Chambre Civile); [INCADAT cite: HC/E/CH 786];
5P.115/2006/bnm, Bundesgericht, II. Zivilabteilung (Tribunal Fédéral, 2ème Chambre Civile); [INCADAT cite: HC/E/CH 840].
Enforcement may equally be rendered impossible because of the reaction of the children concerned, see:
United Kingdom - England & Wales
Re B. (Children) (Abduction: New Evidence) [2001] 2 FCR 531; [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 420];
United Kingdom - Scotland
Cameron v. Cameron (No. 3) 1997 SCLR 192; [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKs 112];
Spain
Auto Juzgado de Familia Nº 6 de Zaragoza (España), Expediente Nº 1233/95-B; [INCADAT cite: HC/E/ES 899].
Enforcement of Return Orders Pending Appeal
For examples of cases where return orders have been enforced notwithstanding an appeal being pending see:
Argentina
Case 11.676, X et Z v. Argentina, 3 October 2000, Inter-American Commission on Human Rights Report n° 11/00 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/ 772].
The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights has held that the immediate enforcement of a return order whilst a final legal challenge was still pending did not breach Articles 8, 17, 19 or 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights (San José Pact).
Spain
Sentencia nº 120/2002 (Sala Primera); Número de Registro 129/1999. Recurso de amparo [INCADAT cite: HC/E/ES 907];
United States of America
Fawcett v. McRoberts, 326 F.3d 491 (4th Cir. Va., 2003) [INCADAT cite: HC/E/USf 494].
In Miller v. Miller, 240 F.3d 392 (4th Cir. 2001) [INCADAT cite: HC/E/USf 461] while it is not clear whether the petition was lodged prior to the return being executed, the appeal was nevertheless allowed to proceed.
However, in Bekier v. Bekier, 248 F.3d 1051 (11th Cir. 2001) [INCADAT cite: HC/E/USf 909] an appeal was not allowed to proceed once the child was returned to the State of habitual residence.
In the European Union where following the entry into force of the Brussels IIa Regulation there is now an obligation that abductions cases be dealt with in a six week time frame, the European Commission has suggested that to guarantee compliance return orders might be enforced pending appeal, see Practice Guide for the application of Council Regulation (EC) No 2201/2003.
The treatment of Article 13(1) b) by French courts has evolved, with a permissive approach being replaced by a more robust interpretation.
The judgments of France's highest jurisdiction, the Cour de cassation, from the mid to late 1990s, may be contrasted with more recent decisions of the same court and also with decisions of the court of appeal. See:
Cass. Civ. 1ère 12 juillet 1994, Rev. Crit. 84 (1995), p. 96 note H. Muir Watt ; JCP 1996 IV 64 note Bosse-Platière, Defrénois 1995, art. 36024, note J. Massip [INCADAT cite: HC/E/FR 103];
Cass. Civ. 1ère 21 novembre 1995 (Pourvoi N° 93-20140), [INCADAT cite: HC/E/FR 514];
Cass. Civ. 1ère 22 juin 1999, (N° de pourvoi : 98-17902), [INCADAT cite: HC/E/FR 498];
And contrast with:
Cass. Civ. 1ère 25 janvier 2005 (N° de pourvoi : 02-17411), [INCADAT cite: HC/E/FR 708];
Cass. Civ. 1ère 14 juin 2005 (N° de pourvoi : 04-16942), [INCADAT cite: HC/E/FR 844];
Cass. Civ 1ère 13 juillet 2005 (N° de pourvoi : 05-10519), [INCADAT cite: HC/E/FR 845];
CA. Amiens 4 mars 1998, n°5704759, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/FR 704];
CA. Grenoble 29 mars 2000 M. c. F., [INCADAT cite: HC/E/FR 274];
CA. Paris 7 février 2002 (N° de pourvoi : 2001/21768), [INCADAT cite: HC/E/FR 849];
CA. Paris, 20/09/2002 (N° de pourvoi : 2002/13730), [INCADAT cite: HC/E/FR 850];
CA. Aix en Provence 8 octobre 2002, L c. Ministère Public, Mme B. et Mesdemoiselles L. (N° de rôle 02/14917) [INCADAT cite: HC/E/FR 509];
CA. Paris 27 octobre 2005, 05/15032 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/FR 814];
Cass. Civ. 1ère 14 décembre 2005 (N° de pourvoi :05-12934) [INCADAT cite: HC/E/FR @889@];
Cass. Civ. 1ère 14 November 2006 (N° de pourvoi : 05-15692) [INCADAT cite: HC/E/FR @890@].
Recent examples where Article 13(1) b) has been upheld include:
Cass. Civ. 1ère 12 Décembre 2006 (N° de pourvoi : 05-22119) [INCADAT cite: HC/E/FR @891@];
Cass. Civ. 1ère 17 Octobre 2007 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/FR @946@].
The interpretation given by the Cour d'appel de Rouen in 2006, whilst obiter, does recall the more permissive approach to Article 13(1) b) favoured in the early 1990s, see:
CA. Rouen, 9 Mars 2006, N°05/04340 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/FR @897@].
Preparation of INCADAT case law analysis in progress.