HC/E/DE 602
Allemagne
Suède
Allemagne
9 March 1999
Définitif
Droits de l'homme - art. 20
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Pointing out that constitutional appeals are admissible only insofar as they are of fundamental constitutional importance and necessary for the enforcement of the constitutional rights claimed by the appellant, the Constitutional Court stated that these requirements were not satisfied in the case in point.
Firstly, the issues relating to the consistency of the 1980 Convention with the Constitution had been resolved in an earlier judgment of the same Court, and secondly, admissibility of the appeal was not necessary for the enforcement of the mother's fundamental rights.
The Court pointed out that the determination and appraisal of facts, according to unchanging constitutional case law, are incumbent on the appropriate ordinary courts, and the Constitutional Court is involved only in the event of breach of the constitutional law.
It added that Art. 6(2)(2) of the German Constitution (Grundgesetz) is designed to protect the interests of the child. In the event of inconsistency between the interests of the parents as in the case in point, the child's interests should prevail. In addition, a narrow interpretation of the exceptions under the Convention was not unconstitutional.
The aims of the Convention justified the principle of return of abducted children, so that only material, concrete and current circumstances implying an exceptionally serious danger for the child's well-being were such as to prevent a return. It pointed out, however, that in the special case of crossed return applications, a review of the child's well-being in further depth was required under Art. 13(1)(b).
It specified that a parent's difficulties in case of return were not sufficient justification for application of that exception of grave risk; while the separation of the parent and child was such as to be detrimental to the child's well-being, that risk could usually be avoided by the return of that parent with the child.
The Court stated that on this basis, the decision made in the case in point by the Court of Appeal did not infringe any constitutional principle. There had been no competing return applications.
In connection with its interpretation of Arts. 13(1) and 20 of the 1980 Convention, the Court of Appeal had appraised the children's actual situation, and ruled that returning them to Sweden would not create any risk in excess of those usually connected with a change of the children's place of residence.
The mother might be required to return to the location of her former habitual residence. If only exceptionally-serious circumstances were demanded to justify denial of return of the child on the basis of the exception under Art. 13, the same demand should be made of the parent having removed the child.
Finally, there was no breach of the non-extradition principle (Art. 16(2) of the German Constitution). The return of a child pursuant to the Convention could not be regarded as an extradition, whether directly or by analogy: the children were not handed over to the public authorities of another State at its request, but simply delivered on a provisional basis, at a parent's request, under the latter's protection.
Author of the summary: Aude Fiorini, United Kingdom
Preparation of INCADAT commentary in progress.
The Convention has been found to be in accordance with national constitutions or charters of rights in other Contracting States, see:
Argentina
W. v. O., 14 June 1995, Argentine Supreme Court of Justice, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/AR 362];
Belgium
N° 03/3585/A, Tribunal de première instance de Bruxelles, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/BE 547];
Canada - Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
Parsons v. Styger, (1989) 67 OR (2d) 1, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/CA 16];
Y.D. v. J.B., [1996] R.D.F. 753 (Que.C.A.), [INCADAT cite: HC/E/CA/369];
Czech Republic
III. ÚS 440/2000 DAOUD / DAOUD, 7 December 2000, Ústavní soud České republiky (Constitutional Court of the Czech Republic);[INCADAT cite: HC/E/CZ 468];
Germany
2 BvR 982/95 and 2 BvR 983/95, Bundesverfassungsgericht, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/DE 310];
2 BvR 1126/97, Bundesverfassungsgericht, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/DE 338];
Ireland
C.K. v. C.K. [1993] ILRM 534, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/IE 288];
W. v. Ireland and the Attorney General and M.W. [1994] ILRM 126, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/IE 289];
South Africa
Sonderup v. Tondelli 2001 (1) SA 1171 (CC), [INCADAT cite: HC/E/ZA 309];
Switzerland
5P.1/1999, Bundesgericht (Tribunal fédéral), [INCADAT cite: HC/E/CH 427];
5A_479/2007 /frs, Bundesgericht, II. Zivilabteilung (Tribunal Fédéral, 2ème Chambre Civile), [INCADAT cite: HC/E/CH 953];
United States of America
Fabri v. Pritikin-Fabri, 221 F. Supp. 2d 859 (2001) [INCADAT cite: HC/E/US 484];
Kufner v. Kufner, 519 F.3d 33 (1st Cir. 2008) [INCADAT cite: HC/E/US 971];
Rodriguez v. Nat'l Ctr. for Missing & Exploited Children, 2005 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 5658 (D.D.C., Mar. 31, 2005) [INCADAT cite: HC/E/US 799].
However, several challenges have been upheld in Spain, see:
Re S., Auto de 21 abril de 1997, Audiencia Provincial Barcelona, Sección 1a, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/ES 244];
Carrascosa v. McGuire, 520 F.3d 249 (3rd Cir. 2008), [INCADAT cite: HC/E/USf 970].
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Résumé INCADAT en cours de préparation.
La Convention a été déclarée conforme aux constitutions internes ou chartes des droits fondamentaux de nombreux États contractants :
Argentine
W. v. O., 14 June 1995, Argentine Supreme Court of Justice, [Référence INCADAT : HC/E/AR 362] ;
Belgique
N° 03/3585/A, Tribunal de première instance de Bruxelles, [Référence INCADAT : HC/E/BE 547] ;
Canada - Charte canadienne des droits et libertés
Parsons v. Styger, (1989) 67 OR (2d) 1, [Référence INCADAT : HC/E/CA 16];
Y.D. v. J.B., [1996] R.D.F. 753 (Que.C.A.), [Référence INCADAT : HC/E/CA/369] ;
République Tchèque
III. ÚS 440/2000 DAOUD / DAOUD, 7 December 2000, Ústavní soud České republiky (Constitutional Court of the Czech Republic), [Référence INCADAT : HC/E/CZ 468] ;
Allemagne
2 BvR 982/95 and 2 BvR 983/95, Bundesverfassungsgericht, [Référence INCADAT : HC/E/DE 310] ;
2 BvR 1126/97, Bundesverfassungsgericht, [Référence INCADAT : HC/E/DE 338] ;
Irlande
C.K. v. C.K. [1993] ILRM 534, [Référence INCADAT : HC/E/IE 288] ;
W. v. Ireland and the Attorney General and M.W. [1994] ILRM 126, [Référence INCADAT : HC/E/IE 289] ;
Afrique du Sud
Sonderup v. Tondelli 2001 (1) SA 1171 (CC), [Référence INCADAT : HC/E/ZA 309] ;
Suisse
5P.1/1999, Bundesgericht (Tribunal fédéral), [Référence INCADAT : HC/E/CH 427] ;
5A_479/2007 /frs, Bundesgericht, II. Zivilabteilung (Tribunal Fédéral, 2ème Chambre Civile), [Référence INCADAT : HC/E/CH 953] ;
États-Unis d'Amérique
Fabri v. Pritikin-Fabri, 221 F. Supp. 2d 859 (2001); [Référence INCADAT : HC/E/US 484] ;
Kufner v. Kufner, 519 F.3d 33 (1st Cir. 2008), [Référence INCADAT : HC/E/US 971] ;
Rodriguez v. Nat'l Ctr. for Missing & Exploited Children, 2005 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 5658 (D.D.C., Mar. 31, 2005) [Référence INCADAT : HC/E/US 799].
Toutefois plusieurs décisions espagnoles ont adopté une position différente, voir :
Re S., Auto de 21 abril de 1997, Audiencia Provincial Barcelona, Sección 1a, [Référence INCADAT : HC/E/ES 244];
Carrascosa v. McGuire, 520 F.3d 249 (3rd Cir. 2008), [Référence INCADAT : HC/E/USf 970].