CASO

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Nombre del caso

Doris Povse v. Mauro Alpago (C-211/10 PPU)

Referencia INCADAT

HC/E/AT 1328

Tribunal

Instancia

Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea (TJUE)

Estados involucrados

Estado requirente

Italia

Estado requerido

Austria

Fallo

INCADAT comentario

Objetivos y ámbito de aplicación del Convenio

Cuestiones de competencia en el marco del Convenio de La Haya
Cuestiones de competencia conforme al Convenio de La Haya (art. 16)

Interrelación con instrumentos internacionales y regionales y Derecho interno

Reglamento Bruselas II bis - Reglamento (CE) nº 2201/2003 del Consejo
Reglamento Bruselas II bis

SUMARIO

Sumario disponible en EN | FR

Facts

The application related to a child born in December 2006. The parents were not married and lived together in Italy until January 2008. Under Italian law they shared custody of the child. When the parents separated, the mother took the child from the family home. Although the father obtained an order preventing the mother from removing the child from the jurisdiction, the mother took the child to Austria some time in February 2008. Proceedings then took place in Italy and in Austria. On 16 April, the father issued return proceedings in the Bezirksgericht Leoben (District Court of Loeben, Austria).
 
On 23 May, the Tribunale per i Minorenni di Venezia (Venice Court for matters concerning minors, Italy) lifted the prohibition on the removal of the child from the jurisdiction, gave custody, provisionally, to both parents and specified that the child should remain with the mother in Austria until it gave a final ruling. The father was to have contact with the child and this was to be evaluated by a welfare officer. The latter subsequently reported that the mother did not allow sufficient contact to take place to enable an effective evaluation to be made.

On 3 July, the Bezirksgericht Leoben rejected the father's return application. This was overturned by the Landesgericht Leoben, on the basis that the father had not been heard (Article 11(5) of the Brussels IIa Regulation (Council Regulation (EC) No 2201/2003 of 27 November 2003)). On 21 November, the Bezirksgericht Leoben again refused the return application, relying on the decision of 23 May from the Tribunale per i Minorenni di Venezia, which allowed the child to stay provisionally with the mother.

On 7 January 2009, this decision was upheld by the Landesgericht Leoben, which held that the child would face a grave risk of psychological harm if returned. The mother then sought to raise substantive custody proceedings before the Bezirksgericht Judenburg (District Court of Judenberg, Austria). On 26 May, relying on Article 15(5) of the Brussels IIa Regulation, the latter Court requested the Tribunale per i Minorenni di Venezia to transfer its jurisdiction.

Previously, on 9 April, the father had requested the Tribunale per i Minorenni di Venezia to make a return order on the basis of Article 11(8) of the Brussels IIa Regulation.

On 10 July, the Tribunale per i Minorenni di Venezia held that it was still competent in the matter and had not lost its jurisdiction under Article 10 of the Brussels IIa Regulation. It further noted that the mother had not respected the contact plan and that an expert report had not therefore been obtained. The Court also ordered the return of the child and certified this order pursuant to Article 42 of the Brussels IIa Regulation.

On 25 August, the Bezirksgericht Judenburg issued an ex parte order granting the mother provisional custody. The father was not advised of his procedural rights and the order became final on 23 September. On 22 September, the father sought the enforcement of the order of 10 July before the Bezirksgericht Leoben. This was refused on the basis that the child would face a grave risk of harm. The father successfully appealed this refusal before the Landesgericht Leoben.

The mother then seized the Oberster Gerichtshof (Austrian Supreme Court) which in turn requested a preliminary ruling on several issues from the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) under the expedited PPU mechanism. The application was allowed to proceed under the latter mechanism on the basis that were there to be further delay in enforcement of the return order, the deterioration in the relations between father and son would be worsened and the child would face an increased risk of psychological harm if sent back.

The questions raised were:

1. Could a transfer of jurisdiction be triggered under Article 10 of the Brussels IIa Regulation where the taking parent had been awarded custody on a provisional basis, pending a final determination?

2. Does a return order only fall within the scope of Article 11(8) of the Brussels IIa Regulation when it is based on a final custody order made by that court?

3. If Q1 / Q2 is answered in the affirmative: can the lack of jurisdiction of the court of origin, or the inapplicability of Article 11(8), be raised in the State of enforcement in respect of the enforcement of an order certified on the basis of Article 42(2) of the Brussels IIa Regulation? Or must the respondent make a challenge in the Member State of origin?

4. If Q1 / Q2 / Q3a are / is answered in the negative: where a decision according provisional custody to the taking parent is given in the State of refuge and is enforceable there, does that decision act, for the purposes of Article 47(2) of the Brussels IIa Regulation to defeat the enforcement of an earlier return order made under Article 11(8) in the State of origin, even if it would not prevent the enforcement of a return order made in the State of refuge under the 1980 Hague Child Abduction Convention?

5. If Q4 is also answered in the negative: can the enforcement of a certified return order under Article 42(2) of the Brussels IIa Regulation be refused where a subsequent change in circumstances would mean that enforcement would be seriously detrimental to the best interests of the child? Or must the opposing party invoke that change of circumstances in the State of origin, thereby allowing enforcement in the second State to be stayed pending the judgment in the State of origin?

Ruling

Preliminary ruling issued on Questions 1, 2, 4 and 5; see below.

Grounds

Aims of the Convention - Preamble, Arts 1 and 2


The Brussels IIa Regulation (Council Regulation (EC) No 2201/2003 of 27 November 2003) aims to deter child abductions between Member States and to bring about the immediate return of children where an abduction has occurred.

Procedural Matters


Article 10 of the Brussels IIa Regulation: Jurisdiction
An abduction should not in principle lead to a transfer of jurisdiction between the Member States concerned. To that end, Article 10 should be interpreted restrictively. The Court held that a "judgment on custody that does not entail the return of the child" pursuant to Article 10(4) of the Brussels IIa Regulation, is a final order, adopted on the basis of an examination of all the facts.

However, it noted that the final character of the order would not be lost even if provision was made for a subsequent review. The Court held that were a provisional decision to lead to a loss of competence then courts would be dissuaded from so acting, even if such an order would be in the best interests of the child. The Court held that the qualifications attached to the order of the Tribunale per i Minorenni di Venezia showed it was not a final order and therefore did not lead to a transfer of jurisdiction for the purposes of Article 10(4).
 
Article 11(8) of the Brussels IIa Regulation: Order for Return
The Court ruled that an order for return fell within the scope of Article 11(8) even if it did not follow a final ruling on the issue of custody. It held this interpretation was clear from the drafting of the provision which referred to 'any subsequent judgment which requires the return of the child'. The Court accepted that the preceding paragraph (Article 11(7) of the Brussels IIa Regulation) referred to proceedings being brought to address the issue of custody, but held that this alluded to a final goal and was not a precondition to the issue of return. Moreover, it added that a return would facilitate the achievement of the final goal of the settlement of the issue of custody.

The Court further noted that it would be difficult to reconcile the objective of expedition inherent in Articles 11(8), 40 and 42 of the Brussels IIa Regulation with an obligation that there be a final custody decision. The Court suggested that such a constraint might oblige the competent authorities to make a decision without all of the necessary information or indeed sufficient time for reflection. A child's right to have meaningful contact with both parents also militated in favour of a return before a final custody hearing.
 
Enforcement
The Court held that a provisional custody made in the State of refuge could not defeat the enforcement of a subsequent return order made under Article 11(8); to so find would be to defeat the purpose of the Brussels IIa Regulation.

The Court reviewed the status of a certificate issued under Article 42 of the Brussels IIa Regulation and the possibilities for challenge of such a certificate and indeed of an Article 11(8) return order.  In this it noted that it was the Member State of origin which was competent and that if an irreconcilable judgment were to emerge, it would be a judgment emanating from the latter jurisdiction.

As regards a change of circumstances, the Court accepted that this could possibly require a modification of the return order but noted that this was a matter of substance and as such the competent court was that in the Member State of origin. The latter court could evaluate the best interests of the child and rule on the possible stay of the return order.

The Court clarified that the principle of assimilation articulated in Article 47(2) of the Brussels IIa Regulation whereby a judgment shall be enforced in the Member State of enforcement 'in the same conditions' as if it had been delivered in that Member State, was to be interpreted strictly. The latter could only concern procedural matters surrounding the return and not a basis to oppose the decision of the competent court.

INCADAT comment

Jurisdiction Issues under the Hague Convention

Jurisdiction Issues under the Hague Convention (Art. 16)

Given the aim of the Convention to secure the prompt return of abducted children to their State of habitual residence to allow for substantive proceedings to be convened, it is essential that custody proceedings not be initiated in the State of refuge. To this end Article 16 provides that:

"After receiving notice of a wrongful removal or retention of a child in the sense of Article 3, the judicial or administrative authorities of the Contracting State to which the child has been removed or in which it has been retained shall not decide on the merits of rights of custody until it has been determined that the child is not to be returned under this Convention or unless an application under this Convention is not lodged within a reasonable time following receipt of the notice."

Contracting States which are also party to the 1996 Hague Convention are provided greater protection by virtue of Article 7 of that instrument.

Contracting States which are Member States of the European Union and to which the Council Regulation (EC) No 2201/2003 of 27 November 2003 (Brussels II a Regulation) applies are provided further protection still by virtue of Article 10 of that instrument.

The importance of Article 16 has been noted by the European Court of Human Rights:

Iosub Caras v. Romania, Application No. 7198/04, (2008) 47 E.H.R.R. 35, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/ 867];
 
Carlson v. Switzerland no. 49492/06, 8 November 2008, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/ 999].

When should Article 16 be applied?

The High Court in England & Wales has held that courts and lawyers must be pro-active where there is an indication that a wrongful removal or retention has occurred.

R. v. R. (Residence Order: Child Abduction) [1995] Fam 209, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 120].
 
When a court becomes aware, expressly or by inference that there has been a wrongful removal or retention it receives notice of that wrongful removal or retention within the meaning of Article 16. Moreover, it is the duty of the court to consider taking steps to secure that the parent in that State is informed of his or her Convention rights. 

Re H. (Abduction: Habitual Residence: Consent) [2000] 2 FLR 294, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 478]

Lawyers, even those acting for abducting parents, had a duty to draw the attention of the court to the Convention where this was relevant.

Scope and Duration of Article 16 Protection?

Article 16 does not prevent provisional and protective measures from being taken:

Belgium
Cour de cassation 30/10/2008, CG c BS, N° de rôle: C.06.0619.F, [INCADAT cite : HC/E/BE 750]. 

However, in this case the provisional measures ultimately became final and the return was never enforced, due to a change in circumstances.

A return application must be made within a reasonable period of time:

France
Cass Civ 1ère 9 juillet 2008 (N° de pourvois K 06-22090 & M 06-22091), 9.7.2008, [INCADAT cite : HC/E/FR 749]

United Kingdom - England & Wales
R. v. R. (Residence Order: Child Abduction) [1995] Fam 209, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 120].

A return order which has become final but has not yet been enforced is covered by Article 16:

Germany
Bundesgerichtshof, XII. Zivilsenat Decision of 16 August 2000 - XII ZB 210/99, BGHZ 145, 97 16 August 2000 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/DE 467].

Article 16 will no longer apply when a return order cannot be enforced:

Switzerland
5P.477/2000/ZBE/bnm, [INCADAT cite : HC/E/CH 785].

Brussels II a Regulation

The application of the 1980 Hague Convention within the Member States of the European Union (Denmark excepted) has been amended following the entry into force of Council Regulation (EC) No 2201/2003 of 27 November 2003 concerning jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in matrimonial matters and the matters of parental responsibility, repealing Regulation (EC) No 1347/2000, see:

Affaire C-195/08 PPU Rinau v. Rinau, [2008] ECR I 5271 [2008] 2 FLR 1495 [Référence INCADAT : HC/E/ 987];

Affaire C 403/09 PPU Detiček v. Sgueglia, [Référence INCADAT : HC/E/ 1327].

The Hague Convention remains the primary tool to combat child abductions within the European Union but its operation has been fine tuned.

An autonomous EU definition of ‘rights of custody' has been adopted: Article 2(9) of the Brussels II a Regulation, which is essentially the same as that found in Article 5 a) of the Hague Child Abduction Convention. There is equally an EU formula for determining the wrongfulness of a removal or retention: Article 2(11) of the Regulation. The latter embodies the key elements of Article 3 of the Convention, but adds an explanation as to the joint exercise of custody rights, an explanation which accords with international case law.

See: Case C-400/10 PPU J Mc.B. v. L.E, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/ 1104].

Of greater significance is Article 11 of the Brussels II a Regulation.

Article 11(2) of the Brussels II a Regulation requires that when applying Articles 12 and 13 of the 1980 Hague Convention that the child is given the opportunity to be heard during the proceedings, unless this appears inappropriate having regard to his age or degree of maturity.

This obligation has led to a realignment in judicial practice in England, see:

Re D. (A Child) (Abduction: Rights of Custody) [2006] UKHL 51, [2007] 1 A.C. 619 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 880] where Baroness Hale noted that the reform would lead to children being heard more frequently in Hague cases than had hitherto happened.

Re M. (A Child) (Abduction: Child's Objections to Return) [2007] EWCA Civ 260, [2007] 2 FLR 72,  [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 901]

The Court of Appeal endorsed the suggestion by Baroness Hale that the requirement under the Brussels II a Regulation to ascertain the views of children of sufficient age of maturity was not restricted to intra-European Community cases of child abduction, but was a principle of universal application.

Article 11(3) of the Brussels II a Regulation requires Convention proceedings to be dealt with within 6 weeks.

Klentzeris v. Klentzeris [2007] EWCA Civ 533, [2007] 2 FLR 996, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 931]

Thorpe LJ held that this extended to appeal hearings and as such recommended that applications for permission to appeal should be made directly to the trial judge and that the normal 21 day period for lodging a notice of appeal should be restricted.

Article 11(4) of the Brussels II a Regulation provides that the return of a child cannot be refused under Article 13(1) b) of the Hague Convention if it is established that adequate arrangements have been made to secure the protection of the child after his return.

Cases in which reliance has been placed on Article 11(4) of the Brussels II a Regulation to make a return order include:

France
CA Bordeaux, 19 janvier 2007, No 06/002739 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/FR 947];

CA Paris 15 février 2007 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/FR 979].

The relevant protection was found not to exist, leading to a non-return order being made, in:

CA Aix-en-Provence, 30 novembre 2006, N° RG 06/03661 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/FR 717].

The most notable element of Article 11 is the new mechanism which is now applied where a non-return order is made on the basis of Article 13.  This allows the authorities in the State of the child's habitual residence to rule on whether the child should be sent back notwithstanding the non-return order.  If a subsequent return order is made under Article 11(7) of the Regulation, and is certified by the issuing judge, then it will be automatically enforceable in the State of refuge and all other EU-Member States.

Article 11(7) Brussels II a Regulation - Return Order Granted:

Re A. (Custody Decision after Maltese Non-return Order: Brussels II Revised) [2006] EWHC 3397 (Fam.), [2007] 1 FLR 1923 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 883]

Article 11(7) Brussels II a Regulation - Return Order Refused:

Re A. H.A. v. M.B. (Brussels II Revised: Article 11(7) Application) [2007] EWHC 2016 (Fam), [2008] 1 FLR 289, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 930].

The CJEU has ruled that a subsequent return order does not have to be a final order for custody:

Case C-211/10 PPU Povse v. Alpago, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/ 1328].

In this case it was further held that the enforcement of a return order cannot be refused as a result of a change of circumstances.  Such a change must be raised before the competent court in the Member State of origin.

Furthermore abducting parents may not seek to subvert the deterrent effect of Council Regulation 2201/2003 in seeking to obtain provisional measures to prevent the enforcement of a custody order aimed at securing the return of an abducted child:

Case C 403/09 PPU Detiček v. Sgueglia, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/ 1327].

For academic commentary on the new EU regime see:

P. McEleavy ‘The New Child Abduction Regime in the European Community: Symbiotic Relationship or Forced Partnership?' [2005] Journal of Private International Law 5 - 34.