HC/E/UKe 586
UNITED KINGDOM - ENGLAND AND WALES
Court of Appeal
Appellate Court
SAUDI ARABIA
UNITED KINGDOM - ENGLAND AND WALES
2 April 2004
Overturned on appeal
Non-Convention Issues
Appeal allowed, return ordered
The trial judge noted that in a non-Convention case the paramount consideration was the welfare of the child. He further noted that this was a Saudi Arabian boy, brought up in a Saudi Arabian system to which mother had committed herself and that in the absence of any other factors it would be in his best interests to be returned there for a decision about his future to be made according to the norms of his own society. However the balance of the welfare considerations was affected by an allegation of sexual misconduct made by the father against the mother. The trial judge was sufficiently concerned that this would be deployed in the Sharia court to destroy the dependent relationship between F and his mother that he declined to make a return order. The Court of Appeal ruled that the trial judge had erred in placing undue weight onto this concern, accepting, inter alia, that it was unsupported by any finding of fact and amounted to an implied criticism of the capacity of the Saudi Arabian judicial system to protect the mother from false allegations and to deal appropriately with true allegations. The Court of Appeal addressed several other issues: It considered whether the mother's inability to apply in Saudi Arabia for permission to relocate out of that jurisdiction with the child was a factor which was contrary to the child's welfare. It held that it was not, noting there was no international accord in the area of relocation and that the liberal or permissive approach adopted in England and Wales was not even uniform in the common law world. It considered whether the trial judge had acted in a way which was incompatible with the mother's rights under the ECHR. It held the fact that the mother might experience in Saudi Arabia what in England would be regarded as breaches of her rights under Articles 6, 8 and 14 of the ECHR did not render the English Court in breach of those Articles if it ordered the return of the child to Saudi Arabia. In conclusion the Court of Appeal noted that the logical consequence of the mother's case would be that no child would ever be returned to a jurisdiction in which both parents, according to English concepts, did not have equal parental rights, and equal access to a system of law which administered what the English courts would perceive as justice. It added that English courts were astute to recognise that there were many legitimate alternative systems of law which approached the question of the custody of children in ways which were alien to the English concept of the equality of parental rights, and which did not embrace English criteria for resolving issues of residence and contact. It was not therefore for the English courts to refuse to return children to any such jurisdiction unless some powerful factor in the welfare equation made it contrary to their best interests to do so. The Court noted however that very different considerations would apply in a case where the mother's only connections with Saudi Arabia were consequent upon marriage to a Saudi Arabian and residence in Saudi Arabia during marital co-habitation.
The Court of Appeal judgment in the instant case was successfully appealed and the approach to be adopted with regard to non-Hague Convention cases of child abduction is that set out in the House of Lords' judgment: Re J. (A Child) (Custody Rights: Jurisdiction) [2005] UKHL 40, [2006] 1 A.C. 80 [INCADAT Reference: HC/E/UKe 801].
When a parent seeks the return of a child outside the scope of the Hague Convention, or another international or regional instrument, the court seised will have to decide how to balance the interests of the child with the general international policy of combating the illicit transfer and non-return of children abroad (Art. 11(1) UNCRC 1990).
Canada
Shortridge-Tsuchiya v. Tsuchiya, 2009 BCSC 541, [2009] B.C.W.L.D. 4138, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/CA 1109].
United Kingdom - England & Wales
Appellate courts have struggled to agree on the appropriate balance to be struck.
An internationalist interpretation, favouring an approach mirrored on that of Hague Convention, was adopted by the Court of Appeal in:
Re E. (Abduction: Non-Convention Country) [1999] 2 FLR 642 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 589];
Re J. (Child Returned Abroad: Human Rights) [2004] EWCA Civ. 417, [2004] 2 FLR 85 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 586].
However, in the earlier case Re J.A. (Child Abduction: Non-Convention Country) [1998] 1 FLR 231 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 588] a return order was not made, there being concerns as to whether the legal system in the foreign jurisdiction would be able to act in the best interests of the child. A factor in that case was that the abducting mother, who was British, would not be entitled to relocate from the child's State of habitual residence unless she had the consent of the father.
In Re J. (A Child) (Return to Foreign Jurisdiction: Convention Rights), [2005] UKHL 40, [2006] 1 AC 80, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 801] the House of Lords expressly stated that the approach of the Court of Appeal in Re J.A. (Child Abduction: Non-Convention Country) [1998] 1 FLR 231 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 588] was the one to be preferred.
The House of Lords held that the rationale of the Hague Convention necessarily meant that the State of refuge might on occasion have to do something which was not in the best interests of the individual child involved. States parties had accepted this disadvantage to some individual children for the sake of the greater advantage to children in general. However, there was no warrant, either in statute or authority, for the principles of the Hague Convention to be extended to countries which were not parties to it. In a non-Convention case the court must act in accordance with the welfare of the individual child. Whilst there was no ‘strong presumption' in favour of return on the facts of an individual case a summary return may very well be in the best interests of the individual child.
It may be noted that in Re F. (Children) (Abduction: Removal Outside Jurisdiction) [2008] EWCA Civ. 854, [2008] 2 F.L.R. 1649 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 982] a trial judge who felt compelled to discharge his original order for return in the light, inter alia, of the ruling in Re M. had his judgment overturned. The Court of Appeal did not, however, comment on the ruling of the House of Lords and the case ostensibly turned on the existence of new evidence, pointing to the inevitability of the mother's deportation.
In E.M. (Lebanon) v. Secretary of State for the Home Department [2008] UKHL 64, [2009] 1 A.C. 1198 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 994] an immigration case centred around the wrongful removal of a child from a non-Convention country, the House of Lords ruled that a return would lead to a violation of the child's and his mother's right to family life under Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). However, it must be noted that on the facts the child's only ‘family life' was with the mother, the father having had no contact with the child since the day of his birth. A majority of the panel (4:1) held that the discriminatory nature of Lebanese family law, which would have led to the automatic transfer of care for the child being passed from mother to father, upon the child reaching his 7th birthday, would not have led to a breach of the ECHR.