AFFAIRE

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Nom de l'affaire

Case No. C 99 4313, 11/10/1999, Arrondissement judiciaire I Courtelary-Moutier-La Neuveville

Référence INCADAT

HC/E/CH 454

Juridiction

Pays

Suisse

Nom

Arrondissement judiciaire I Courterlary-Moutier-La Neuveville (Suisse)

Degré

Première instance

États concernés

État requérant

États-Unis d'Amérique

État requis

Suisse

Décision

Date

11 October 1999

Statut

Définitif

Motifs

Risque grave - art. 13(1)(b) | Droit de visite - art. 21

Décision

-

Article(s) de la Convention visé(s)

1 4 8 13(1)(b) 21 29 25

Article(s) de la Convention visé(s) par le dispositif

21

Autres dispositions

-

Jurisprudence | Affaires invoquées

-

INCADAT commentaire

Droit de visite / droit d’entretenir un contact

Droit de visite / droit d’entretenir un contact
Protection du droit de visite

RÉSUMÉ

Résumé disponible en EN | FR | ES

Facts

The children, three girls, were 10 ½, 4 ½ and 3 ¾ years old respectively at the date of the alleged violation of the father's access rights. On 20 November 1997 the parents had been granted a divorce by an American court. The Swiss/American mother was granted custody, the American father access.

In 1998 the mother left the United States for Switzerland, taking the children with her. On 15 May 1998 the American court modified the access rights granted by the divorce decree to reflect these new circumstances. However the father was unable to exercise his access rights as granted in the 1998 judgment. He therefore filed a request for assistance with the Swiss Central Authority in order to find an amicable solution with the mother.

The negotiations did not result in new arrangements for access. The father filed a request for access rights before the Swiss court.

Ruling

Access ordered; the court recognized and enforced the American access order.

Grounds

Grave Risk - Art. 13(1)(b)

The court ruled that the mother had not established that the exercise of the father’s access rights would expose the children to a grave risk of danger. It held that in any event, the exercise of access rights could not be refused on the basis of the Article 13 exceptions.

Rights of Access - Art. 21

The mother opposed the father’s request and sought a modification of the American divorce agreement from the Swiss court. The mother’s request was rejected because such a modification was not within the scope of the Hague Convention. The court recognised the American decision granting access rights to the father and specified that recognition and enforcement proceedings were not necessary.

INCADAT comment

Protection of Rights of Access

Article 21 has been subjected to varying interpretations.  Contracting States favouring a literal interpretation have ruled that the provision does not establish a basis of jurisdiction for courts to intervene in access matters and is focussed on procedural assistance from the relevant Central Authority.  Other Contracting States have allowed proceedings to be brought on the basis of Article 21 to give effect to existing access rights or even to create new access rights.

A literal interpretation of the provision has found favour in:

Austria
S. v. S., 25 May 1998, transcript (official translation), Regional civil court at Graz, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/AT 245];

Germany
2 UF 286/97, Oberlandesgericht Bamberg, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/DE 488];

United States of America
Bromley v. Bromley, 30 F. Supp. 2d 857, 860-61 (E.D. Pa. 1998). [INCADAT cite: HC/E/USf 223];

Teijeiro Fernandez v. Yeager, 121 F. Supp. 2d 1118, 1125 (W.D. Mich. 2000);

Janzik v. Schand, 22 November 2000, United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/USf 463];

Wiggill v. Janicki, 262 F. Supp. 2d 687, 689 (S.D.W. Va. 2003);

Yi Ly v. Heu, 296 F. Supp. 2d 1009, 1011 (D. Minn. 2003);

In re Application of Adams ex. rel. Naik v. Naik, 363 F. Supp. 2d 1025, 1030 (N.D. Ill. 2005);

Wiezel v. Wiezel-Tyrnauer, 388 F. Supp. 2d 206 (S.D.N.Y. 2005), [INCADAT cite: HC/E/USf 828];

Cantor v. Cohen, 442 F.3d 196 (4th Cir. 2006), [INCADAT cite: HC/E/USf 827]. 

In Cantor, the only US appellate decision on Article 21, there was a dissenting judgment which found that the US implementing act did provide a jurisdictional basis for federal courts to hear an application with regard to an existing access right.

United Kingdom - England & Wales
In Re G. (A Minor) (Enforcement of Access Abroad) [1993] Fam 216 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKs 110].

More recently however the English Court of Appeal has suggested that it might be prepared to consider a more permissive interpretation:

Hunter v. Murrow [2005] [2005] 2 F.L.R. 1119, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 809].

Baroness Hale has recommended the elaboration of a procedure whereby the facilitation of rights of access in the United Kingdom under Article 21 could be contemplated at the same time as the return of the child under Article 12:

Re D. (A Child) (Abduction: Rights of Custody) [2006] UKHL 51[INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 880].

Switzerland
Arrondissement judiciaire I Courterlary-Moutier-La Neuveville (Suisse) 11 October 1999, N° C 99 4313 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/CH 454].                        

A more permissive interpretation of Article 21 has indeed been adopted elsewhere, see:

United Kingdom - Scotland
Donofrio v. Burrell, 2000 S.L.T. 1051 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKs 349].

Wider still is the interpretation adopted in New Zealand, see:

Gumbrell v. Jones [2001] NZFLR 593 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/NZ 446].

Australia
The position in Australia has evolved in the light of statutory reforms.

Initially a State Central Authority could only apply for an order that was ‘necessary or appropriate to organise or secure the effective exercise of rights of access to a child in Australia', see:

Director-General, Department of Families Youth & Community Care v. Reissner [1999] FamCA 1238, (1999) 25 Fam LR 330, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/AU 278].

Subsequently it acquired the power to initiate proceedings to establish access rights:

State Central Authority & Peddar [2008] FamCA 519, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/AU 1107];

State Central Authority & Quang [2009] FamCA 1038, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/AU 1106].