HC/E/AT 1223
Austria
última instancia
Austria
19 December 2012
Definitiva
Finalidad del Convenio - Preámbulo, arts. 1 y 2 | Derechos de custodia - art. 3
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Pointing out that an appeal to the Supreme Court is not admissible unless it raises a substantial issue of law, the Court stated that the purpose of the Convention was to restore the status quo ante in order to secure the actual exercise of a right of custody existing in a Contracting State.
The Court noted that the conditions for application of Article 3 are cumulative: a right of custody must be actually exercised, and at the time immediately preceding the removal. But the Court of Appeal, although it ruled that the father did not meet the requirement of Article 3(a), had nonetheless reasoned as though the father had custody of the child immediately before the removal.
According to the father, custody could be exercised even if the parents resided separately. The Court held that this allegation did not reflect a substantial issue of law. According to unchanging precedents of the Supreme Court, the requirement of actual exercise of custody is usually met, in the event of the parents' separation, only by the parent with whom the child lives.
There was no need in the case in point to discuss the academic criticism that failure to meet the requirement of actual exercise of custody ought to occur only when the parent with whom the child does not live "is manifestly not displaying any interest in the child", since the father had failed to prove how he actually exercised custody, whereas he had not set foot in the State of the child's habitual residence for more than two years and had been involved in the child's life only through telephone contacts.
Accordingly, the removal was not wrongful. Hence, the issue whether the Convention is applicable when the applicant resides in a third State did not even arise.
Author of the summary: Aude Fiorini
Article 12 of the Convention does not prescribe the place to which the child should be returned. The drafters wished for the provision to be left sufficiently wide to allow for a return to a State other than that of the child's habitual residence. However, the Preamble makes clear that the general intention is that a return should be to the latter State. Of course a return to the State of habitual residence does not of itself require the child to be placed into the care of the applicant parent or indeed of a State agency; very often the child will remain in the care of the abducting parent pending the determination of the substantive custody case. Furthermore a return need not mean a return to the particular place in the State where the child previously lived.
Courts have taken advantage of the flexibility in the drafting of Article 12 when dealing with return applications, see:
Australia
Murray v. Director, Family Services (1993) FLC 92-416 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/AU 113].
The Full Court suggested that mother and children return to a different part of New Zealand from that where they previously lived in order to avoid danger at the hands of the applicant father.
Israel
G. v. B., 25 April 2007, Court for Family Matters, Beersheva [INCADAT cite: HC/E/IL 910].
Child ordered to be returned to Belgium, the country where he was to live, although it was not his State of habitual residence prior to the removal.
Where a court considered that the applicant father had no intention of actually remaining in the State of habitual residence with the child, but was actually seeking to bring about a relocation to a non-Convention State, it decided not to make a return order.
Canada
Espiritu v. Bielza, [2007] O.J. No. 1587; 2007 ONCJ 175; 39 R.F.L. (6th) 218; 2007 CarswellOnt 2546, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/CA 728].
For discussion of the drafting of Article 12 see:
P. Beaumont & P. McEleavy The Hague Convention on International Child Abduction, Oxford OUP, 1999.
Courts in a variety of Contracting States have afforded a wide interpretation to what amounts to the actual exercise of rights of custody, see:
Australia
Director General, Department of Community Services Central Authority v. J.C. and J.C. and T.C. (1996) FLC 92-717 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/AU 68];
Austria
8Ob121/03g, Oberster Gerichtshof, 30/10/2003 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/AT 548];
Belgium
N° de rôle: 02/7742/A, Tribunal de première instance de Bruxelles 6/3/2003 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/BE 545];
United Kingdom - England & Wales
Re W. (Abduction: Procedure) [1995] 1 FLR 878, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 37];
France
Ministère Public c. M.B. Cour d'Appel at Aix en Provence (6e Ch.) 23 March 1989, 79 Rev. crit. 1990, 529 note Y. Lequette [INCADAT cite: HC/E/FR 62];
CA Amiens 4 mars 1998, n° 5704759 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/FR 704];
CA Aix en Provence 8/10/2002, L. v. Ministère Public, Mme B et Mesdemoiselles L (N° de rôle 02/14917) [INCADAT cite: HC/E/FR 509];
Germany
11 UF 121/03, Oberlandesgericht Hamm, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/DE 822];
21 UF 70/01, Oberlandesgericht Köln, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/DE 491];
New Zealand
The Chief Executive of the Department for Courts for R. v. P., 20 September 1999, Court of Appeal of New Zealand [INCADAT cite: HC/E/NZ 304];
United Kingdom - Scotland
O. v. O. 2002 SC 430 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKs 507].
In the above case the Court of Session stated that it might be going too far to suggest, as the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit had done in Friedrich v Friedrich that only clear and unequivocal acts of abandonment might constitute failure to exercise custody rights. However, Friedrich was fully approved of in a later Court of Session judgment, see:
S. v S., 2003 SLT 344 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKs 577].
This interpretation was confirmed by the Inner House of the Court of Session (appellate court) in:
AJ. V. FJ. 2005 CSIH 36, 2005 1 S.C. 428 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKs 803].
Switzerland
K. v. K., Tribunal cantonal de Horgen [INCADAT cite: HC/E/CZ 299];
449/III/97/bufr/mour, Cour d'appel du canton de Berne, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/CH 433];
5A_479/2007/frs, Tribunal fédéral, IIè cour civile, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/CH 953];
United States of America
Friedrich v. Friedrich, 78 F.3d 1060 (6th Cir) [INCADAT cite: HC/E/USf 82];
Sealed Appellant v. Sealed Appellee, 394 F.3d 338 (5th Cir. 2004), [INCADAT cite: HC/E/USf 779];
Abbott v. Abbott, 130 S. Ct. 1983 (2010), [INCADAT cite: HC/E/USf 1029].
See generally Beaumont P.R. and McEleavy P.E., 'The Hague Convention on International Child Abduction' OUP, Oxford, 1999 at p. 84 et seq.