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Habitual Residence - Art. 3 | Objections of the Child to a Return - Art. 13(2) |

Appeal dismissed, return refused

Wrongful removal of a child when he was 7 years old - Argentine - Unmarried parents - Paraguayan mother - The child lived in Paraguay from December 2016 to October 2017 – Return to Paraguay refused – Main issues: habitual residence, objections of the child to a return – The Supreme Court of Buenos Aires held that the child’s habitual residence was in Paraguay, and found that the removal to Argentina was  wrongful since it breached the mother’s rights of custody under the Paraguayan law – The court considered that the child´s objection to return was established since the child expressed at all stages of the proceedings his complete refusal to return to Paraguay, alleging mistreatment by classmates and relatives.

Objections of the Child to a Return - Art. 13(2) | Procedural Matters

Proceedings dismissed and costs awarded against the children's litigation guardian.

Removal and Retention - Arts 3 and 12 | Grave Risk - Art. 13(1)(b) | Undertakings | Objections of the Child to a Return - Art. 13(2) | Role of the Central Authorities - Arts 6 - 10 | Procedural Matters

Return ordered with undertakings offered

Retention wrongful and return ordered; none of the exceptions was upheld.

Removal and Retention - Arts 3 and 12 | Grave Risk - Art. 13(1)(b) | Objections of the Child to a Return - Art. 13(2) | Procedural Matters

Appeal dismissed, return ordered

Appeal dismissed, return ordered. The removal was wrongful and the exceptions inapplicable.

Habitual Residence - Art. 3 | Consent - Art. 13(1)(a) | Acquiescence - Art. 13(1)(a) | Grave Risk - Art. 13(1)(b) | Objections of the Child to a Return - Art. 13(2)

Appeal allowed and case remitted to trial court; determination to be made as to what undertakings, if any, would be sufficient to ensure the safety of the children upon their return to Mexico pending the outcome of custody proceedings.