CASE

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Case Name

S. v. S., 2003 SLT 344

INCADAT reference

HC/E/UKs 577

Court

Country

UNITED KINGDOM - SCOTLAND

Name

Outer House, Court of Session

Level

First Instance

Judge(s)
Lord Clarke

States involved

Requesting State

AUSTRALIA

Requested State

UNITED KINGDOM - SCOTLAND

Decision

Date

2 June 2003

Status

Final

Grounds

Rights of Custody - Art. 3

Order

Return ordered

HC article(s) Considered

3 13(1)(a)

HC article(s) Relied Upon

3 13(1)(a)

Other provisions

-

Authorities | Cases referred to

-

INCADAT comment

Article 12 Return Mechanism

Rights of Custody
Actual Exercise

SUMMARY

Summary available in EN | FR | ES

Facts

The children, both girls, were aged 7 and 9 at the date of the alleged wrongful removal. Prior to that the children had spent all of their lives in Western Australia. The parents were separated and had joint rights of custody. On 21 November 2001 the father made a suicide attempt and as a result he was admitted to a psychiatric hospital.

On 2 December the mother removed the two children to Scotland. On 5 December the father was discharged from hospital. The father petitioned for the return of the children.

Ruling

Removal wrongful and return ordered; the father was actually exercising his rights of custody and none of the exceptions had been proved to the standard required under the Convention.

Grounds

Rights of Custody - Art. 3

Actual Exercise: It was argued for the mother that the removal was not wrongful as the father's rights of custody were not being actually exercised at the time of the removal. The latter could be inferred from the father's attempt to commit suicide, and his conduct before and during his period of hospitalisation. The trial judge reviewed existing case law and approved of the analysis of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit in Friedrich v Friedrich 78 F.3d 1060 (6th Cir). This provided that there were risks in embarking into a detailed quantitative or qualitative examination of the way in which custody rights were being exercised by the petitoning parent. To do so would almost inevitably lead to straying into the territory which the court dealing with such applications is not meant to go, namely the assessment of the question as to whether the father is a fit person to have such custody rights. The trial judge stated that having regard to the overall purpose of the Convention, an applicant had to show very little to satisfy the actual exercise requirement where a breach of custody rights had been established. The purpose of the actual exercise test in Article 3(b) was to prevent applications being made by persons who had not played any reasonably meaningful role in the life of the children concerned prior to the removal. The trial judge ruled that it would be wrong to conclude that a person who was in hospital and had left the custody of the children to a relative was not actually exercising his rights of custody. Turning to the reference to actual exercise within Article 13(1)(a) the trial judge questioned whether this provision was included to respond to the fact that a Convention application might not be brought by a person with rights of custody, a possibility envisaged by Article 8. The trial judge noted that Article 13 only applied where the person having 'the care of the person of the child' was not actually exercising his rights at the time of the removal.

INCADAT comment

In an earlier case, O v. O 2002 SC 430 [INCADAT Reference: HC/E/UKs 507], the Court of Session had suggested that it might be going too far to hold that only clear and unequivocal acts of abandonment might constitute failure to exercise custody rights. However, the judgment of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit in Friedrich v Friedrich, 78 F.3d 1060 (6th Cir 1996) [INCADAT Reference: HC/E/USf 82] in which the latter interpretation was advanced, was fully approved of in the present case and by the Inner House of the Court of Session (appellate court) in: A.J. v. F.J. 2005 CSIH 36 [INCADAT Reference: HC/E/UKs 803].

Actual Exercise

Courts in a variety of Contracting States have afforded a wide interpretation to what amounts to the actual exercise of rights of custody, see:

Australia
Director General, Department of Community Services Central Authority v. J.C. and J.C. and T.C. (1996) FLC 92-717 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/AU 68];

Austria
8Ob121/03g, Oberster Gerichtshof, 30/10/2003 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/AT 548];

Belgium
N° de rôle: 02/7742/A, Tribunal de première instance de Bruxelles 6/3/2003 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/BE 545];

United Kingdom - England & Wales
Re W. (Abduction: Procedure) [1995] 1 FLR 878, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 37];

France
Ministère Public c. M.B. Cour d'Appel at Aix en Provence (6e Ch.) 23 March 1989, 79 Rev. crit. 1990, 529 note Y. Lequette [INCADAT cite: HC/E/FR 62];

CA Amiens 4 mars 1998, n° 5704759 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/FR 704];

CA Aix en Provence 8/10/2002, L. v. Ministère Public, Mme B et Mesdemoiselles L (N° de rôle 02/14917) [INCADAT cite: HC/E/FR 509];

Germany
11 UF 121/03, Oberlandesgericht Hamm, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/DE 822];

21 UF 70/01, Oberlandesgericht Köln, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/DE 491];

New Zealand
The Chief Executive of the Department for Courts for R. v. P., 20 September 1999, Court of Appeal of New Zealand [INCADAT cite: HC/E/NZ 304];

United Kingdom - Scotland
O. v. O. 2002 SC 430 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKs 507].

In the above case the Court of Session stated that it might be going too far to suggest, as the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit had done in Friedrich v Friedrich that only clear and unequivocal acts of abandonment might constitute failure to exercise custody rights. However, Friedrich was fully approved of in a later Court of Session judgment, see:

S. v S., 2003 SLT 344 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKs 577].

This interpretation was confirmed by the Inner House of the Court of Session (appellate court) in:

AJ. V. FJ. 2005 CSIH 36, 2005 1 S.C. 428 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKs 803].

Switzerland
K. v. K., Tribunal cantonal de Horgen [INCADAT cite: HC/E/CZ 299];

449/III/97/bufr/mour, Cour d'appel du canton de Berne, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/CH 433];

5A_479/2007/frs, Tribunal fédéral, IIè cour civile, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/CH 953];

United States of America
Friedrich v. Friedrich, 78 F.3d 1060 (6th Cir) [INCADAT cite: HC/E/USf 82];

Sealed Appellant v. Sealed Appellee, 394 F.3d 338 (5th Cir. 2004), [INCADAT cite: HC/E/USf 779];

Abbott v. Abbott, 130 S. Ct. 1983 (2010), [INCADAT cite: HC/E/USf 1029].

See generally Beaumont P.R. and McEleavy P.E., 'The Hague Convention on International Child Abduction' OUP, Oxford, 1999 at p. 84 et seq.