HC/E/FR 523
France
Conseil d'Etat (France)
Instance Suprême
Canada
France
30 June 1999
Définitif
Droit de garde - art. 3
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It was the father's case that he had parental authority at the time of the removal and that consequently the Central Authority should have intervened in the case. He argued that Article 374 of the code civil, dealing with parental authority, conflicted with international law. At the time in question this provision stated that a child recognised by both parents but born outside of marriage was under the parental authority of the mother although the father could apply to the court for shared or sole custody. In contrast to the cour administrative d'appel which had not responded to the arguments of the father, le Conseil d'Etat ruled that: -Articles 371-2 & 374 of the code civil, as in force at the time of the application, were not contrary to Articles 8 & 14 ECHR that the right for respect to family life must be upheld without distinction, notably with regard to sex. The father had the possibility of obtaining an order for shared or exclusive parental authority, or indeed for the child to live with him. - Articles 2-1 et 2-2 UNCRC 1990 did not have a direct effect and could not be relied on by the father. - Article 374 code civil was not incompatible with articles 3-1 & 16 UNCRC relating to the best interests of the child and his right to legal protection. Indeed article 374 allowed a ruling to be made in the best interests of the child as to which of the parents should exercise parental authority. The Conseil d'Etat added that the father had not claimed that there had been an application to modify the custody situation as Art 374 permitted. It was clear therefore that the father did not possess parental authority at the moment of the removal. The Central Authority had therefore been entitled to find that the removal could not be classified as wrongful.
El sumario de la decisión del tribunal administrativo de apelación se puede encontrar en: [Referencia INCADAT: HC/E/FR 522].
Los tribunales de una abrumadora mayoría de Estados contratantes han aceptado que el derecho a oponerse a la salida del menor de la jurisdicción equivale a un derecho de custodia a los fines del Convenio. Véanse:
Australia
En el caso Marriage of Resina [1991] FamCA 33, [Cita INCADAT: HC/E/AU 257];
State Central Authority v. Ayob (1997) FLC 92-746, 21 Fam. LR 567 [Cita INCADAT: HC/E/AU 232];
Director-General Department of Families, Youth and Community Care and Hobbs, 24 de septiembre de 1999, Tribunal de Familia de Australia (Brisbane) [Cita INCADAT: HC/E/AU 294];
Austria
2 Ob 596/91, Oberster Gerichtshof, 05/02/1992 [Cita INCADAT: HC/E/AT 375];
Canadá
Thomson v. Thomson [1994] 3 SCR 551, 6 RFL (4th) 290 [Cita INCADAT: HC/E/CA 11];
La Corte Suprema estableció una distinción entre una cláusula de no traslado en una orden de custodia provisoria y en una orden definitiva. Sugirió que si una cláusula de no traslado incluida en una orden de custodia definitiva se considerara equivalente a un derecho de custodia a los fines del Convenio, ello tendría serias implicancias para los derechos de movilidad de la persona que ejerce el cuidado principal del menor.
Thorne v. Dryden-Hall, (1997) 28 RFL (4th) 297 [Cita INCADAT: HC/E/CA 12];
Decision of 15 December 1998, [1999] R.J.Q. 248 [Cita INCADAT: HC/E/CA 334];
Reino Unido - Inglaterra y Gales
C. v. C. (Minor: Abduction: Rights of Custody Abroad) [1989] 1 WLR 654, [1989] 2 All ER 465, [1989] 1 FLR 403, [1989] Fam Law 228 [Cita INCADAT: HC/E/UKe 34];
Re D. (A Child) (Abduction: Foreign Custody Rights) [2006] UKHL 51, [Cita INCADAT: HC/E/UKe 880];
Francia
Ministère Public c. M.B., 79 Rev. crit. 1990, 529, note Y. Lequette [Cita INCADAT: HC/E/FR 62];
Alemania
2 BvR 1126/97, Bundesverfassungsgericht, (Tribunal Constitucional Federal), [Cita INCADAT: HC/E/DE 338];
10 UF 753/01, Oberlandesgericht Dresden, [Cita INCADAT: HC/E/DE 486];
Reino Unido - Escocia
Bordera v. Bordera 1995 SLT 1176 [Cita INCADAT: HC/E/UKs 183];
A.J. v. F.J. [2005] CSIH 36, 2005 1 SC 428 [Cita INCADAT: HC/E/UKs 803];
Sudáfrica
Sonderup v. Tondelli 2001 (1) SA 1171 (CC), [Cita INCADAT: HC/E/ZA 309];
Suiza
5P.1/1999, Tribunal fédéral suisse, (Swiss Supreme Court), 29 March 1999, [Cita INCADAT: HC/E/CH 427].
Estados Unidos de América
[Traducción en curso - Por favor remítase a la versión inglesa]
Right to Object to a Removal
[Traducción en curso - Por favor remítase a la versión inglesa]
Para comentarios académicos véanse:
P. Beaumont & P. McEleavy, The Hague Convention on International Child Abduction, Oxford, OUP, 1999, p. 75 ss;
M. Bailey, The Right of a Non-Custodial Parent to an Order for Return of a Child Under the Hague Convention, Canadian Journal of Family Law, 1996, p. 287.
C. Whitman, Croll v Croll: The Second Circuit Limits 'Custody Rights' Under the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction, 2001 Tulane Journal of International and Comparative Law 605.