HC/E/USf 584
UNITED STATES - FEDERAL JURISDICTION
United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit
Appellate Court
ISRAEL
UNITED STATES - FEDERAL JURISDICTION
8 September 1999
Final
Removal and Retention - Arts 3 and 12
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The appellate court concluded that the district court had erred in addressing the issue of the children's habitual residence prior to making the threshold determination as to whether there had been any retention of the children within the meaning of the Hague Convention. It held that the language and structure of Article 3 indicated that there must be an initial determination as to whether there had been a removal or retention before any inquiry could be made into whether such removal or retention was wrongful. The court held that even if the father had succeeded in showing that the mother intended to retain the children in the USA his claim would have failed. This was because he would have been seeking a remedy for an anticipatory breach and the Convention only provided a remedy for actual wrongful retentions.
Courts have taken different views with regard to whether it is possible to have an 'anticipated non-return', i.e. whether it is possible for a lawful period of retention to become wrongful prior to the scheduled return date.
This possibility was implicitly accepted in:
United Kingdom - England & Wales
Re S. (Minors) (Child Abduction: Wrongful Retention) [1994] Fam 70 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 117];
New Zealand
P. v. The Secretary for Justice [2003] NZLR 54, [2003] NZFLR 673 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/NZ 575] (overturned on appeal - see below).
A greater number of courts have though refused to find a retention to be wrongful in advance of the scheduled return date:
China (Hong Kong Special Administrative Region)
B.L.W. v. B.W.L. [2007] 2 HKLRD 193, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/HK 975];
France
Cass Civ 1ère 19/03/2002 (Arrêt n° 516 FS-P, pourvoi n° 00-17692), [INCADAT cite: HC/E/FR 512];
New Zealand
P. v. Secretary for Justice [2004] 2 NZLR 28 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/NZ 583];
United Kingdom - Scotland
Watson v. Jamieson 1998 SLT 180 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKs 75];
United States of America
Toren v. Toren, 191 F.3d 23 (1st Cir 1999) [INCADAT cite: HC/E/USf 584].