CASE

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Case Name

Toren v. Toren, 191 F.3d 23 (1st Cir. 1999)

INCADAT reference

HC/E/USf 584

Court

Country

UNITED STATES - FEDERAL JURISDICTION

Name

United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit

Level

Appellate Court

Judge(s)
Torruella (Chief Judge), Noonan and Lynch (Circuit Judges)

States involved

Requesting State

ISRAEL

Requested State

UNITED STATES - FEDERAL JURISDICTION

Decision

Date

8 September 1999

Status

Final

Grounds

Removal and Retention - Arts 3 and 12

Order

-

HC article(s) Considered

3

HC article(s) Relied Upon

3

Other provisions

-

Authorities | Cases referred to

-

INCADAT comment

Aims & Scope of the Convention

Removal & Retention
Anticipated Non-Return

SUMMARY

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Facts

The children were 7 and 4 at the date of the alleged wrongful retention. They had lived in both Israel and the United States. In December 1994 the parents divorced and were granted joint rights of custody. With parental agreement the Rabbinical District Court in Jerusalem ordered that the children would reside in Israel for at least two years after the divorce.

In 1996 the parties executed an amendment to their separation agreement that provided that the children could live with the mother in Massachusetts but not beyond 21 July 2000. It further provided that the children could not stay outside of Israel after that date and that they would study in Israel during the 2000-2001 school year.

On 1 July 1997 the mother brought proceedings in Massachusetts to modify the agreement and the Israeli order by removing the requirement that the children should eventually return to Israel. The Massachusetts Court granted the mother temporary legal and physical custody of the children.

On 6 July 1998 the father applied for the return of the children under the Convention. On 21 October 1998 the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts refused to order the children's return, finding that they were habitually resident in the United States at the relevant date.

Ruling

Non return order confirmed, but on the basis that the return application be dismissed, no retention having taken place.

Grounds

Removal and Retention - Arts 3 and 12

The appellate court concluded that the district court had erred in addressing the issue of the children's habitual residence prior to making the threshold determination as to whether there had been any retention of the children within the meaning of the Hague Convention. It held that the language and structure of Article 3 indicated that there must be an initial determination as to whether there had been a removal or retention before any inquiry could be made into whether such removal or retention was wrongful. The court held that even if the father had succeeded in showing that the mother intended to retain the children in the USA his claim would have failed. This was because he would have been seeking a remedy for an anticipatory breach and the Convention only provided a remedy for actual wrongful retentions.

INCADAT comment

Anticipated Non-Return

Courts have taken different views with regard to whether it is possible to have an 'anticipated non-return', i.e. whether it is possible for a lawful period of retention to become wrongful prior to the scheduled return date.

This possibility was implicitly accepted in:

United Kingdom - England & Wales
Re S. (Minors) (Child Abduction: Wrongful Retention) [1994] Fam 70 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 117];

New Zealand
P. v. The Secretary for Justice [2003] NZLR 54, [2003] NZFLR 673 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/NZ 575] (overturned on appeal - see below).

A greater number of courts have though refused to find a retention to be wrongful in advance of the scheduled return date:

China (Hong Kong Special Administrative Region)
B.L.W. v. B.W.L. [2007] 2 HKLRD 193, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/HK 975];

France
Cass Civ 1ère 19/03/2002 (Arrêt n° 516 FS-P, pourvoi n° 00-17692), [INCADAT cite: HC/E/FR 512];

New Zealand
P. v. Secretary for Justice [2004] 2 NZLR 28 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/NZ 583];

United Kingdom - Scotland
Watson v. Jamieson 1998 SLT 180 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKs 75];

United States of America
Toren v. Toren, 191 F.3d 23 (1st Cir 1999) [INCADAT cite: HC/E/USf 584].