HC/E/FR 512
FRANCE
Cour de Cassation, Première Chambre civile
Superior Appellate Court
ISRAEL
FRANCE
19 March 2002
Final
Habitual Residence - Art. 3 | Removal and Retention - Arts 3 and 12
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The Cour de cassation ruled that on 3 January 2000, when the child was still legally in France, a court order transferred custody to the father meaning that the return application could not succeed as the Convention could no longer apply.
The Cour de cassation considered that the order of 22 July 1998 which gave the father access during the full Christmas holidays allowed him to have the child until 4 January 2000, which marked the end of the French school holidays, regardless of the fact that the mother had allowed the father to have the child from the 4th December 1999. The court concluded therefore that at the time the return application was made the retention of the child was not wrongful. The fact that the mother had allowed the father to have access in advance of the date which had been fixed and in the absence of any agreement between her and the father, did not invalidate the court order. The court therefore upheld the order of the cour d'appel.
Courts have taken different views with regard to whether it is possible to have an 'anticipated non-return', i.e. whether it is possible for a lawful period of retention to become wrongful prior to the scheduled return date.
This possibility was implicitly accepted in:
United Kingdom - England & Wales
Re S. (Minors) (Child Abduction: Wrongful Retention) [1994] Fam 70 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 117];
New Zealand
P. v. The Secretary for Justice [2003] NZLR 54, [2003] NZFLR 673 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/NZ 575] (overturned on appeal - see below).
A greater number of courts have though refused to find a retention to be wrongful in advance of the scheduled return date:
China (Hong Kong Special Administrative Region)
B.L.W. v. B.W.L. [2007] 2 HKLRD 193, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/HK 975];
France
Cass Civ 1ère 19/03/2002 (Arrêt n° 516 FS-P, pourvoi n° 00-17692), [INCADAT cite: HC/E/FR 512];
New Zealand
P. v. Secretary for Justice [2004] 2 NZLR 28 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/NZ 583];
United Kingdom - Scotland
Watson v. Jamieson 1998 SLT 180 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKs 75];
United States of America
Toren v. Toren, 191 F.3d 23 (1st Cir 1999) [INCADAT cite: HC/E/USf 584].