CASE

Download full text EN

Case Name

Cass Civ 1ère 19 mars 2002, N° de pourvoi 00-17.692

INCADAT reference

HC/E/FR 512

Court

Country

FRANCE

Name

Cour de Cassation, Première Chambre civile

Level

Superior Appellate Court

States involved

Requesting State

ISRAEL

Requested State

FRANCE

Decision

Date

19 March 2002

Status

Final

Grounds

Habitual Residence - Art. 3 | Removal and Retention - Arts 3 and 12

Order

-

HC article(s) Considered

1 3 12 16 17

HC article(s) Relied Upon

3 12

Other provisions

-

Authorities | Cases referred to

-

INCADAT comment

Aims & Scope of the Convention

Removal & Retention
Anticipated Non-Return

SUMMARY

Summary available in EN | FR | ES

Facts

The child was aged 6 1/2 at the date of the alleged wrongful removal. Until the time of the removal he had been living in Israel. His parents were divorced.

On 22 July 1998 the family judge at the Tribunal de Grande Instance of Bordeaux made an order that the child should continue to live with its mother in Tel Aviv and that the father should have access, notably for the full school Christmas holidays.

On 30 November 1999 the mother issued an application that the father's access take place not during the French Christmas holidays but during the Israeli school holidays; the father for his part sought custody of the child in France.

On 4 December the child came to France during the Israeli school holidays. He was booked on a flight to return on 11 December. On 10 December a French family judge ordered a pyschological examination of the child. The child did not return to Israel on 11 December and the mother issued return proceedings.

On 28 December the Procureur de la République issued a return application under the Hague Convention.

On 3 January 2000 the family judge delivered 2 decisions: the first stated that the Convention did not apply, whilst the second transferred custody to the father from 3 January, which under the order of 22 July 1998 was the end of the father's period of access.

On 30 May the Cour d'appel at Bordeaux upheld both decisions. The Procureur Général petitioned the Cour de cassation to challenge the legailty of the latter decision.

Ruling

Challenge to legality dismissed; at the time the return application was made the retention of the child was not wrongful.

Grounds

Habitual Residence - Art. 3

The Cour de cassation ruled that on 3 January 2000, when the child was still legally in France, a court order transferred custody to the father meaning that the return application could not succeed as the Convention could no longer apply.

Removal and Retention - Arts 3 and 12

The Cour de cassation considered that the order of 22 July 1998 which gave the father access during the full Christmas holidays allowed him to have the child until 4 January 2000, which marked the end of the French school holidays, regardless of the fact that the mother had allowed the father to have the child from the 4th December 1999. The court concluded therefore that at the time the return application was made the retention of the child was not wrongful. The fact that the mother had allowed the father to have access in advance of the date which had been fixed and in the absence of any agreement between her and the father, did not invalidate the court order. The court therefore upheld the order of the cour d'appel.

INCADAT comment

Anticipated Non-Return

Courts have taken different views with regard to whether it is possible to have an 'anticipated non-return', i.e. whether it is possible for a lawful period of retention to become wrongful prior to the scheduled return date.

This possibility was implicitly accepted in:

United Kingdom - England & Wales
Re S. (Minors) (Child Abduction: Wrongful Retention) [1994] Fam 70 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 117];

New Zealand
P. v. The Secretary for Justice [2003] NZLR 54, [2003] NZFLR 673 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/NZ 575] (overturned on appeal - see below).

A greater number of courts have though refused to find a retention to be wrongful in advance of the scheduled return date:

China (Hong Kong Special Administrative Region)
B.L.W. v. B.W.L. [2007] 2 HKLRD 193, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/HK 975];

France
Cass Civ 1ère 19/03/2002 (Arrêt n° 516 FS-P, pourvoi n° 00-17692), [INCADAT cite: HC/E/FR 512];

New Zealand
P. v. Secretary for Justice [2004] 2 NZLR 28 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/NZ 583];

United Kingdom - Scotland
Watson v. Jamieson 1998 SLT 180 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKs 75];

United States of America
Toren v. Toren, 191 F.3d 23 (1st Cir 1999) [INCADAT cite: HC/E/USf 584].