CASE

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Case Name

Re B. (Abduction) (Rights of Custody) [1997] 2 FLR 594

INCADAT reference

HC/E/IT 31

Court

Country

UNITED KINGDOM - ENGLAND AND WALES

Name

Court of Appeal

Level

Appellate Court

Judge(s)
Hirst, Swinton Thomas and Phillips L.JJ.

States involved

Requesting State

UNITED KINGDOM - ENGLAND AND WALES

Requested State

ITALY

Decision

Date

18 April 1997

Status

Final

Grounds

Rights of Custody - Art. 3

Order

-

HC article(s) Considered

3 5

HC article(s) Relied Upon

3 5

Other provisions

-

Authorities | Cases referred to
B. v. B. (Abduction: Custody Rights) [1993] Fam 32, [1993] 2 All ER 144, [1993] 1 FLR 238, [1993] Fam Law 198; Re B. (A Minor) (Abduction) [1994] 2 FLR 249, [1994] Fam Law 606; Re B.-M. (Wardship: Jurisdiction) [1993] 1 FLR 979.

INCADAT comment

Article 12 Return Mechanism

Rights of Custody
Sources of Custody Rights
Rights of Custody held by a Court
Inchoate Rights of Custody

SUMMARY

Summary available in EN | FR | ES

Facts

The child, a boy, was 2 1/2 at the date of the alleged wrongful removal. He had spent all his life in England. The parents were not married and the father did not have any legal custody rights in respect of the child. On 3 March 1997 the mother took the boy to Italy, her State of origin.

On 17 February 1997 the father had issued an application before the English courts for a parental responsibility order.

On 7 March the High Court dismissed an application for a declaration that the removal of the child was wrongful.

The father appealed.

Ruling

The Court of Appeal upheld the High Court finding that no custody rights had been breached and that consequently there had not been a wrongful removal.

Grounds

Rights of Custody - Art. 3

Sources of Custody Rights Although the father had enjoyed a high level of contact with the child, the mother was the primary carer. Consequently, it was not open to argue, as in Re B. (A Minor) (Abduction) [1994] 2 FLR 249 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 4], that the father should be regarded as exercising a right of custody. The issue of proceedings for parental responsibility is of itself insufficient to vest the court seized with custody rights in respect of the child. B. v. B. (Abduction: Custody Rights) [1993] Fam 32 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 10] must be the high water mark of any submission to the fact that the issue of an interim custody order ensures that rights of custody remain in the court in question.

INCADAT comment

Sources of Custody Rights

Preparation of INCADAT case law analysis in progress.

Rights of Custody held by a Court

Preparation of INCADAT commentary in progress.

Inchoate Rights of Custody

The reliance on 'inchoate custody rights', to afford a Convention remedy to applicants who have actively cared for removed or retained children, but who do not possess legal custody rights, was first identified in the English decision:

Re B. (A Minor) (Abduction) [1994] 2 FLR 249 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 4],

and has subsequently been followed in that jurisdiction in:

Re O. (Child Abduction: Custody Rights) [1997] 2 FLR 702, [1997] Fam Law 781 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 5];

Re G. (Abduction: Rights of Custody) [2002] 2 FLR 703 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 505].

The concept has been the subject of judicial consideration in:

Re W. (Minors) (Abduction: Father's Rights) [1999] Fam 1 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/Uke 503];

Re B. (A Minor) (Abduction: Father's Rights) [1999] Fam 1 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 504];

Re G. (Child Abduction) (Unmarried Father: Rights of Custody) [2002] EWHC 2219 (Fam); [2002] ALL ER (D) 79 (Nov), [2003] 1 FLR 252 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 506].

In one English first instance decision: Re J. (Abduction: Declaration of Wrongful Removal) [1999] 2 FLR 653 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 265], it was questioned whether the concept was in accordance with the decision of the House of Lords in Re J. (A Minor) (Abduction: Custody Rights) [1990] 2 AC 562, [1990] 2 All ER 961, [1990] 2 FLR 450, sub nom C. v. S. (A Minor) (Abduction) [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 2] where it was held that de facto custody was not sufficient to amount to rights of custody for the purposes of the Convention.

The concept of 'inchoate custody rights', has attracted support and opposition in other Contracting States.

The concept has attracted support in a New Zealand first instance case: Anderson v. Paterson [2002] NZFLR 641 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/NZ 471].

However, the concept was specifically rejected by the majority of the Irish Supreme Court in the decision of: H.I. v. M.G. [1999] 2 ILRM 1; [2000] 1 IR 110 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/IE 284].

Keane J. stated that it would go too far to accept that there was 'an undefined hinterland of inchoate rights of custody not attributed in any sense by the law of the requesting state to the party asserting them or to the court itself, but regard by the court of the requested state as being capable of protection under the terms of the Convention.'

The Court of Justice of the European Union has subsequently upheld the position adopted by the Irish Courts:

Case C-400/10 PPU J. McB. v. L.E., [INCADAT cite: HC/E/ 1104].

In its ruling the European Court noted that the attribution of rights of custody, which were not accorded to an unmarried father under national law, would be incompatible with the requirements of legal certainty and with the need to protect the rights and freedoms of others, notably those of the mother. 

This formulation leaves open the status of ‘incohate rights’ in a EU Member State where the concept had become part of national law.  The United Kingdom (England & Wales) would fall into this category, but it must be recalled that pursuant to the terms of Protocol (No. 30) on the Application of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union to Poland and to the United Kingdom (OJ C 115/313, 9 May 2008), the CJEU could not in any event make a finding of inconsistency with regard to UK law vis-a-vis Charter rights. 

For academic criticism of the concept of inchoate rights see: Beaumont P.R. and McEleavy P.E. 'The Hague Convention on International Child Abduction' Oxford, OUP, 1999, at p. 60.