CASE

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Case Name

Bromley v. Bromley, 30 F. Supp. 2d 857 (E.D. Pa. 1998)

INCADAT reference

HC/E/USf 223

Court

Country

UNITED STATES - FEDERAL JURISDICTION

Name

United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania

Level

First Instance

Judge(s)
Van Antwerpen D.J.

States involved

Requesting State

UNITED KINGDOM - ENGLAND AND WALES

Requested State

UNITED STATES - FEDERAL JURISDICTION

Decision

Date

15 December 1998

Status

Final

Grounds

Rights of Access - Art. 21 | Interpretation of the Convention

Order

Application dismissed

HC article(s) Considered

7 21

HC article(s) Relied Upon

21

Other provisions

-

Authorities | Cases referred to
Feder v. Evans-Feder, 63 F.3d 217 (3d Cir. 1995); Friedrich v. Friedrich, 78 F.3d 1060 (6th Cir. 1996); Ohlander v. Larson, 114 F.3d 1531 (10th Cir. 1997); Viragh v. Foldes, 415 Mass. 96, 612 N.E.2d 241 (Mass. 1993); Ivaldi v. Ivaldi, 288 N.J. Super. 575, 672 A.2d 1226 (N.J. Super. Ct. 1996); Re G. (A Minor) (Enforcement of Access Abroad) [1993] Fam 216, [1993] 2 WLR 825, [1993] 1 FLR 669; C. v. C. (Minors) (Child Abduction) [1992] 1 FLR 163, [1992] Fam Law 199; Navarro v. Bullock, 15 Fam. L. Rep. (BNA) 1576 (Cal. Super. Ct. 1989); C. v. C. (Minors: Abduction: Rights of Custody Abroad) [1989] 2 All ER 465, [1989] 1 FLR 403, [1989] Fam Law 228; Re H. (A Minor) (Abduction) [1990] 2 FLR 439; Rydder v. Rydder, 49 F.3d 369 (8th Cir. 1995).

INCADAT comment

Aims & Scope of the Convention

General Approach to Interpretation
Interpretation

Access / Contact

Protection of Rights of Access
Protection of Rights of Access

SUMMARY

Summary available in EN | FR | ES

Facts

The children, a girl and a boy, were born in October 1987 and 1989 respectively. They had lived in the United States all of their lives. The parents were divorced. The mother had sole custody, the father access. At some point after the divorce the father moved to England.

The father asserted that he had repeatedly been denied access to the children. He had attempted to locate them through the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children. Upon discovering their whereabouts, the father applied for the enforcement of his rights of access under the Convention.

Ruling

Application dismissed; there was no cause of action under the Convention to enforce access rights absent the wrongful removal or retention of the child.

Grounds

Rights of Access - Art. 21

There is no remedy under the Convention for obstacles to rights of access absent a wrongful removal or retention of a child. Article 21 states that the promotion of effective rights of access may be effectuated by application to the Central Authorities but does not provide the court with independent authority to remedy such a situation.

Interpretation of the Convention

When interpreting a treaty the court begins with the text of the treaty and the context in which the written words are used. Other rules of construction may be used on difficult or ambiguous passages, but, where the text is clear, as it is in Article 21, courts have no power to insert an amendment. The silence of the Convention as to any remedy for access rights is in sharp contrast to Article 12 which clearly provides authority for judicial authorities to order the return of a child wrongfully removed. The plain language of the Convention does not provide federal courts with jurisdiction over access rights.

INCADAT comment

Interpretation

Preparation of INCADAT case law analysis in progress.

Protection of Rights of Access

Article 21 has been subjected to varying interpretations.  Contracting States favouring a literal interpretation have ruled that the provision does not establish a basis of jurisdiction for courts to intervene in access matters and is focussed on procedural assistance from the relevant Central Authority.  Other Contracting States have allowed proceedings to be brought on the basis of Article 21 to give effect to existing access rights or even to create new access rights.

A literal interpretation of the provision has found favour in:

Austria
S. v. S., 25 May 1998, transcript (official translation), Regional civil court at Graz, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/AT 245];

Germany
2 UF 286/97, Oberlandesgericht Bamberg, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/DE 488];

United States of America
Bromley v. Bromley, 30 F. Supp. 2d 857, 860-61 (E.D. Pa. 1998). [INCADAT cite: HC/E/USf 223];

Teijeiro Fernandez v. Yeager, 121 F. Supp. 2d 1118, 1125 (W.D. Mich. 2000);

Janzik v. Schand, 22 November 2000, United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/USf 463];

Wiggill v. Janicki, 262 F. Supp. 2d 687, 689 (S.D.W. Va. 2003);

Yi Ly v. Heu, 296 F. Supp. 2d 1009, 1011 (D. Minn. 2003);

In re Application of Adams ex. rel. Naik v. Naik, 363 F. Supp. 2d 1025, 1030 (N.D. Ill. 2005);

Wiezel v. Wiezel-Tyrnauer, 388 F. Supp. 2d 206 (S.D.N.Y. 2005), [INCADAT cite: HC/E/USf 828];

Cantor v. Cohen, 442 F.3d 196 (4th Cir. 2006), [INCADAT cite: HC/E/USf 827]. 

In Cantor, the only US appellate decision on Article 21, there was a dissenting judgment which found that the US implementing act did provide a jurisdictional basis for federal courts to hear an application with regard to an existing access right.

United Kingdom - England & Wales
In Re G. (A Minor) (Enforcement of Access Abroad) [1993] Fam 216 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKs 110].

More recently however the English Court of Appeal has suggested that it might be prepared to consider a more permissive interpretation:

Hunter v. Murrow [2005] [2005] 2 F.L.R. 1119, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 809].

Baroness Hale has recommended the elaboration of a procedure whereby the facilitation of rights of access in the United Kingdom under Article 21 could be contemplated at the same time as the return of the child under Article 12:

Re D. (A Child) (Abduction: Rights of Custody) [2006] UKHL 51[INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 880].

Switzerland
Arrondissement judiciaire I Courterlary-Moutier-La Neuveville (Suisse) 11 October 1999, N° C 99 4313 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/CH 454].                        

A more permissive interpretation of Article 21 has indeed been adopted elsewhere, see:

United Kingdom - Scotland
Donofrio v. Burrell, 2000 S.L.T. 1051 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKs 349].

Wider still is the interpretation adopted in New Zealand, see:

Gumbrell v. Jones [2001] NZFLR 593 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/NZ 446].

Australia
The position in Australia has evolved in the light of statutory reforms.

Initially a State Central Authority could only apply for an order that was ‘necessary or appropriate to organise or secure the effective exercise of rights of access to a child in Australia', see:

Director-General, Department of Families Youth & Community Care v. Reissner [1999] FamCA 1238, (1999) 25 Fam LR 330, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/AU 278].

Subsequently it acquired the power to initiate proceedings to establish access rights:

State Central Authority & Peddar [2008] FamCA 519, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/AU 1107];

State Central Authority & Quang [2009] FamCA 1038, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/AU 1106].