HC/E/CA 13
CANADA
British Columbia Court of Appeal
Appellate Court
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
CANADA
24 April 1997
Final
Grave Risk - Art. 13(1)(b) | Undertakings
Appeal dismissed, return ordered
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The Article 13(1)(b) exception provides a strict test; the risk of harm alleged must amount to an intolerable situation, going beyond the normal disruption expected on the removal of a small child: Thomson v. Thomson [1994] 3 SCR 551 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/CA 11]. This is a severe test which the mother could not satisfy in light of the fact that she took the child herself from the aboriginal community to live in the father's non-aboriginal culture. The child was very young and his enculturation in the aboriginal community had only developed over the last 7-8 months. The evidence put forward by the mother related to concerns as to what was in the child's best interests. The arguments of the mother's experts ignored the fact that the child was of mixed ethnic origin. The matter of what is ultimately in the best interests of the child is to be determined by the courts in his State of habitual residence.
Voluntary undertakings to ameliorate the disruptive effects of transferring the child included agreement by the father to cooperate in expediting a custody hearing on the merits; allowing the mother supervised access to the child pending disposition of the merits, including daily access if requested; and the father bearing the costs of mother and child to travel to Oregon.
Preparation of INCADAT case law analysis in progress.
Preparation of INCADAT case law analysis in progress.