CASE

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Case Name

Hoskins v. Boyd, (1997) 28 RFL (4th) 221

INCADAT reference

HC/E/CA 13

Court

Country

CANADA

Name

British Columbia Court of Appeal

Level

Appellate Court

Judge(s)
Finch, Donald and Newbury JJ.A.

States involved

Requesting State

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Requested State

CANADA

Decision

Date

24 April 1997

Status

Final

Grounds

Grave Risk - Art. 13(1)(b) | Undertakings

Order

Appeal dismissed, return ordered

HC article(s) Considered

13(1)(b)

HC article(s) Relied Upon

13(1)(b)

Other provisions

-

Authorities | Cases referred to
Thomson v Thomson [1994] 3 SCR 551, 6 RFL (4th) 290, 9 Australian Journal of Family Law (1995) 5, 84 Rev. crit. 1995, 342.

INCADAT comment

Exceptions to Return

General Issues
Limited Nature of the Exceptions

Implementation & Application Issues

Measures to Facilitate the Return of Children
Undertakings

SUMMARY

Summary available in EN | FR | ES

Facts

The child, a boy, was 16 months old at the date of the alleged wrongful removal. He had lived in British Columbia for the first 11 months of his life with his mother in an aboriginal community.

In February 1996 both moved to Oregon to be with the father who was non-aboriginal. The parents were not married but the father had obtained an interim custody order in Oregon. On 19 July 1996, during an access visit, the mother took the boy to British Columbia, her State of origin.

On 28 August 1996 the father obtained an order from the British Columbia Supreme Court requiring the mother to return the child to Oregon. On 27 January 1997 the mother appealed the order.

Ruling

Appeal dismissed and return ordered; the standard required under Article 13(1)(b) to indicate that the child would face a grave risk of psychological harm had not been met.

Grounds

Grave Risk - Art. 13(1)(b)

The Article 13(1)(b) exception provides a strict test; the risk of harm alleged must amount to an intolerable situation, going beyond the normal disruption expected on the removal of a small child: Thomson v. Thomson [1994] 3 SCR 551 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/CA 11]. This is a severe test which the mother could not satisfy in light of the fact that she took the child herself from the aboriginal community to live in the father's non-aboriginal culture. The child was very young and his enculturation in the aboriginal community had only developed over the last 7-8 months. The evidence put forward by the mother related to concerns as to what was in the child's best interests. The arguments of the mother's experts ignored the fact that the child was of mixed ethnic origin. The matter of what is ultimately in the best interests of the child is to be determined by the courts in his State of habitual residence.

Undertakings

Voluntary undertakings to ameliorate the disruptive effects of transferring the child included agreement by the father to cooperate in expediting a custody hearing on the merits; allowing the mother supervised access to the child pending disposition of the merits, including daily access if requested; and the father bearing the costs of mother and child to travel to Oregon.

INCADAT comment

Limited Nature of the Exceptions

Preparation of INCADAT case law analysis in progress.

Undertakings

Preparation of INCADAT case law analysis in progress.