HC/E/MX 1038
MEXICO
Tercera Sala Familiar del Honorable Tribunal Superior de Justicia del Distrito Federal
Appellate Court
VENEZUELA
MEXICO
16 February 2009
Final
Aims of the Convention - Preamble, Arts 1 and 2 | Rights of Custody - Art. 3 | Consent - Art. 13(1)(a) | Grave Risk - Art. 13(1)(b) | Procedural Matters | Objections of the Child to a Return - Art. 13(2)
Appeal allowed, return ordered
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The purpose of the Convention is to re-establish the status quo by means of the immediate and safe return of children wrongfully removed or retained in any other Contracting State. This remedy is designed to allow for the final resolution of the children's situation to be made by the authorities of their State of habitual residence.
The Contracting States must guarantee respect for custody or access rights existing under the law of the child's State of habitual residence. Return does not imply a change in the previous custody situation, for the Convention remedy is separate from substantive issues of custody.
Under the Convention the best interests of children is achieved by their immediate and safe return to the habitual residence, and this may only be denied when the exceptions foreseen by the Convention are clearly proven.
The Court understood that while the Convention procedures are being carried out, all the decisions taken prior to the abduction in the State of the child's habitual residence regarding custody, visitation and child support should be respected by the Authorities of the requested State.
The matter of relocation shall be tried before the Courts of the State of habitual residence of the child, where the reasons that the mother may have to change the children's habitual residence should be duly considered.
In the divorce agreement the parents had agreed that custody would be exercised in the State of the children's habitual residence and neither could take the children out of the country for any reason whatsoever, without the express authorization of the other.
The first instance judge, upon deciding that the mother was the more suitable custodian and that she was subject to no restrictions when exercising custody, unduly changed the substance of the custody agreement.
A return does not imply a change in the custody of the child, but secures the possibility that the judge of the child's State of habitual residence should adjudicate on the matter. Although the mother had the custody of the children, the custody agreement provided that it should be exercised in Venezuela. The agreement also stated that children could not leave the country without the authorization of both parents.
The finding of the first instance judge that the father had consented was erroneous. In allowing the children to go to Venezuela on vacation he had not agreed to a change in their residence.
Grave Risk - Art. 13 (1)(b)
Where a party wishes to rely on one of the Article 13 exceptions he must provide supporting evidence. There was no such evidence in the present case. The mere fact the father had commented that life in Venezuela was uncertain did not mean that the return of the children should be refused.
Equally it did not mean that the children would be exposed to psychological harm by virtue of being separated from their mother. The Convention is not concerned with the attribution of custody but with the adjudication of such disputes by the authorities in the State of the child's habitual residence.
The unsubstantiated allegation of the mother and children as regards the father's lack of care towards the children was an issue to be considered in the substantive custody proceedings and not in the context of the return petition.
The political demonstrations which led to interruptions in daily life were not of a nature to create a grave risk of harm as countenanced by Article 13(1)(b).
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The return of the children was ordered and it was advised that the corresponding Central Authority should cooperate so that the mother of the children could safely and legally enter Venezuela; thus, all immigration documents should be granted. Likewise the mother should subject herself to the jurisdiction of the Venezuelan Courts.
The reporting judge understood that although children must be heard, the contents of their opinions could not be determinative of the issue of return.
That being so, and given that the children's objections were focused on the political demonstrations taking place in Venezuela, the Court held that their reasons did not provide a sufficient basis for failing to comply with the objectives of the Convention.
On the other hand, it was noted that the children's desire to remain in Mexico should be asserted before the judge of their State of habitual residence, taking into account the nature of the objections, which in the present case were unquestionably influenced by cultural reasons.
First Instance Ruling. 5 November, 2008. 14 November, 2007. Fifteenth Family Judge in the Federal District. Docket 1381/2008.
Article 133 of the Political Constitution of the United Mexican States, which establishes the hierarchy of norms, was invoked.
Political Constitution of the United Mexican States
Seventh Title General Provisions
ARTICLE 133. This Constitution, and the laws enacted by the Congress of the Union which shall be made in pursuance thereof, and all treaties held or which shall be held by the President of the Republic, with the Senate's consent shall be the supreme law of the Union. The judges of each state shall abide to said constitution, laws and treaties, notwithstanding the provisions to the contrary which may have the constitutions and laws of the states.
According to the text in article 133 of the Political Constitution of the United Mexican States, international treaties are found on a second plane after the Main Law and above the federal and local law, derived from the international commitments assumed by the Mexican State as a whole. Therefore, the Judicial Courts, upon deciding on disputes which indicate the applicability of any international treaty or covenant, are bound to deal with its content.
This means that when a conflict arises between what is prescribed in domestic law and in international law norms in force, we must start from the assumption of the hierarchy level of the norm in question. See previous summary
According to the law on international treaties, for treaties to be binding in a national territory they should have been previously published, with the exception that any treaty containing mechanisms for settling legal disputes, should grant Mexicans and foreigners who are part of the dispute, equal treatment, under the principle of international reciprocity.
Treaties are valid as long as they are in conformity with the Constitution. Any challenge to the validity of a treaty should be done by the application of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. In consequence thereof, given Mexico has ratified the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction, the Mexican Courts were bound to observe and apply the instrument, pursuant to article 26 of the Vienna Convention.
Australia
De L. v. Director-General, NSW Department of Community Services (1996) FLC 92-706 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/AU 93].
The supreme Australian jurisdiction, the High Court, advocated a literal interpretation of the term ‘objection'. However, this was subsequently reversed by a legislative amendment, see:
s.111B(1B) of the Family Law Act 1975 inserted by the Family Law Amendment Act 2000.
Article 13(2), as implemented into Australian law by reg. 16(3) of the Family Law (Child Abduction) Regulations 1989, now provides not only that the child must object to a return, but that the objection must show a strength of feeling beyond the mere expression of a preference or of ordinary wishes.
See for example:
Richards & Director-General, Department of Child Safety [2007] FamCA 65 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKs 904].
The issue as to whether a child must specifically object to the State of habitual residence has not been settled, see:
Re F. (Hague Convention: Child's Objections) [2006] FamCA 685 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/AU 864].
Austria
9Ob102/03w, Oberster Gerichtshof (Austrian Supreme Court), 8/10/2003 [INCADAT: cite HC/E/AT 549].
A mere preference for the State of refuge is not enough to amount to an objection.
Belgium
N° de rôle: 02/7742/A, Tribunal de première instance de Bruxelles, 27/5/2003 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/BE 546].
A mere preference for the State of refuge is not enough to amount to an objection.
Canada
Crnkovich v. Hortensius, [2009] W.D.F.L. 337, 62 R.F.L. (6th) 351, 2008, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/CA 1028].
To prove that a child objects, it must be shown that the child "displayed a strong sense of disagreement to returning to the jurisdiction of his habitual residence. He must be adamant in expressing his objection. The objection cannot be ascertained by simply weighing the pros and cons of the competing jurisdictions, such as in a best interests analysis. It must be something stronger than a mere expression of preference".
United Kingdom - England & Wales
In Re S. (A Minor) (Abduction: Custody Rights) [1993] Fam 242 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKs 87] the Court of Appeal held that the return to which a child objects must be an immediate return to the country from which it was wrongfully removed. There is nothing in the provisions of Article 13 to make it appropriate to consider whether the child objects to returning in any circumstances.
In Re M. (A Minor) (Child Abduction) [1994] 1 FLR 390 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKs 56] it was, however, accepted that an objection to life with the applicant parent may be distinguishable from an objection to life in the former home country.
In Re T. (Abduction: Child's Objections to Return) [2000] 2 FCR 159 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 270] Ward L.J. set down a series of questions to assist in determining whether it was appropriate to take a child's objections into account.
These questions where endorsed by the Court of Appeal in Re M. (A Child) (Abduction: Child's Objections to Return) [2007] EWCA Civ 260, [2007] 2 FLR 72 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 901].
For academic commentary see: P. McEleavy ‘Evaluating the Views of Abducted Children: Trends in Appellate Case Law' [2008] Child and Family Law Quarterly, pp. 230-254.
France
Objections based solely on a preference for life in France or life with the abducting parent have not been upheld, see:
CA Grenoble 29/03/2000 M. v. F. [INCADAT cite: HC/E/FR 274];
TGI Niort 09/01/1995, Procureur de la République c. Y. [INCADAT cite: HC/E/FR 63].
United Kingdom - Scotland
In Urness v. Minto 1994 SC 249 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKs 79] a broad interpretation was adopted, with the Inner House accepting that a strong preference for remaining with the abducting parent and for life in Scotland implicitly meant an objection to returning to the United States of America.
In W. v. W. 2004 S.C. 63 IH (1 Div) [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKs 805] the Inner House, which accepted the Re T. [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 270] gateway test, held that objections relating to welfare matters were only to be dealt with by the authorities in the child's State of habitual residence.
In the subsequent first instance case: M. Petitioner 2005 S.L.T. 2 OH [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKs 804], Lady Smith noted the division in appellate case law and decided to follow the earlier line of authority as exemplified in Urness v. Minto. She explicitly rejected the Re T. gateway tests.
The judge recorded in her judgment that there would have been an attempt to challenge the Inner House judgment in W. v. W. before the House of Lords but the case had been resolved amicably.
More recently a stricter approach to the objections has been followed, see: C. v. C. [2008] CSOH 42, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKs 962]; upheld on appeal: C v. C. [2008] CSIH 34, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKs 996].
Switzerland
The highest Swiss court has stressed the importance of children being able to distinguish between issues relating to custody and issues relating to return, see:
5P.1/2005 /bnm, Bundesgericht II. Zivilabteilung (Tribunal Fédéral, 2ème Chambre Civile),[INCADAT cite: HC/E/CH 795];
5P.3/2007 /bnm; Bundesgericht, II. Zivilabteilung (Tribunal Fédéral, 2ème Chambre Civile),[INCADAT cite: HC/E/CH 894].
A mere preference for life in the State of refuge, even if reasoned, will not satisfy the terms of Article 13(2):
5A.582/2007 Bundesgericht, II. Zivilabteilung (Tribunal Fédéral, 2ème Chambre Civile), [INCADAT cite: HC/E/CH 986].
For general academic commentary see: R. Schuz ‘Protection or Autonomy -The Child Abduction Experience' in Y. Ronen et al. (eds), The Case for the Child- Towards the Construction of a New Agenda, 271-310 (Intersentia, 2008).
Article 13(1)(b) has on occasion been raised not with regard to a specific risk directed at the individual child, but as the result of general circumstances prevailing in the State of habitual residence.
In the well-known US appellate case of Friedrich v. Friedrich, 78 F.3d 1060 (6th Cir. 1996) [INCADAT Reference: HC/E/USf 82], it was held, inter alia, that a grave risk could only exist when the return would put the child in imminent danger prior to the resolution of a custody dispute, e.g. by returning the child to a war zone or famine area.
This argument has been raised most frequently with regard to Israel.
Return to Israel
Courts have been divided over whether a return to Israel would expose a child to a grave risk of harm, but a clear majority has taken the view that it would not, see:
Argentina
A. v. A. [INCADAT Reference: HC/E/AR 487]
Australia
Kilah & Director-General, Department of Community Services [2008] FamCAFC 81 [INCADAT Reference: HC/E/AU 995]
Belgium
No 03/3585/A, Tribunal de première instance de Bruxelles [INCADAT Reference: HC/E/BE 547]
Canada
Docket No 1 F 3709/00; C., 4 December 2001, Superior Court of Justice, Ontario, Court File No 01-FA-10575
Denmark
V.L.K., 11. januar 2002, 13. afdeling, B-2939-01 [INCADAT Reference: HC/E/DK 519]
United Kingdom - England and Wales
Re S. (A Child) (Abduction: Grave Risk of Harm) [2002] 3 FCR 43, [2002] EWCA Civ 908 [INCADAT Reference: HC/E/UKe 469]
France
CA Aix en Provence, 8 octobre 2002, No de RG 02/14917 [INCADAT Reference: HC/E/FR 509]
Germany
1 F 3709/00, Familiengericht Zweibrücken, 25 January 2001 [INCADAT Reference: HC/E/DE 392]
United States of America
Freier v. Freier, 969 F. Supp. 436 (E.D. Mich. 1996) [INCADAT Reference: HC/E/USf 133]
However, the argument has been upheld on several occasions:
Australia
Janine Claire Genish-Grant and Director-General Department of Community Services [2002] FamCA 346 [INCADAT Reference: HC/E/AU 458]
United States of America
Silverman v. Silverman, 2002 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 8313 [INCADAT Reference: HC/E/USf 481] (see however: Silverman v. Silverman, 338 F.3d 886 (8th Cir. 2003) [INCADAT Reference: HC/E/US 530])
Return to Zimbabwe
The highest jurisdiction in the United Kingdom, the House of Lords, rejected in 2008 a submission that the moral and political climate in Zimbabwe was such that any child would be at grave risk of psychological harm, or should not be expected to tolerate having to live there.
Re M. (Children) (Abduction: Rights of Custody) [2007] UKHL 55 [2008] 1 AC 1288 [INCADAT Reference: HC/E/UKe 937]
Return to Mexico
CA Rennes, 28 juin 2011, No de RG 11/02685 [INCADAT Reference: HC/E/FR 1129]
The mother mentioned the pollution of Mexico City, the insecurity due to crime in the Mexico City metropolis, and earthquake risks. She did not, however, show how these risks affected the children personally and directly. She had not mentioned those factors as justification for her decision to move to France, in a document sent to the father in 2010, but had referred to financial and family difficulties. In addition, the Court of Appeal noted that these factors had not deterred her from living in Mexico from 1998 to 2010 and raising two children there. It further noted that the mother had not seen fit to apply to the Mexican authorities for permission to move to France with the children, without explaining the reasons which in her view could jeopardise her right to a fair trial in Mexico.
The Court of Appeal made it clear that it did not affirm that the pleas raised by the mother were groundless. They might be used in connection with the issue of custody, but were not a sufficient proof of a grave risk.
(Author: Peter McEleavy, April 2013)