AFFAIRE

Texte complet non disponible

Nom de l'affaire

Couderc v. Czech Republic, Requête n°54429/00

Référence INCADAT

HC/E/CZ 859

Juridiction

Nom

Cour européenne des Droits de l'Homme

Degré

Cour européenne des droits de l’homme (CourEDH)

États concernés

État requérant

France

État requis

République tchèque

Décision

Date

30 January 2001

Statut

Définitif

Motifs

Questions liées au retour de l'enfant

Décision

Demande rejetée

Article(s) de la Convention visé(s)

-

Article(s) de la Convention visé(s) par le dispositif

-

Autres dispositions
Arts 8 and 35 du CEDH
Jurisprudence | Affaires invoquées

-

Publiée dans

-

INCADAT commentaire

Mise en œuvre & difficultés d’application

Questions procédurales
Exécution de l'ordonnance de retour

Relation avec d’autres instruments internationaux et régionaux et avec le droit interne

Convention européenne des Droits de l’Homme (CEDH)
Jurisprudence de la Cour européenne des Droits de l'Homme (CourEDH)

RÉSUMÉ

Résumé disponible en EN | FR | ES

Facts

The child, a girl, was almost three years old at the time of the original removal. The French father and the Czech mother were not married. They had lived together in France with the child, who was born there, for less than two years. The mother unilaterally decided to establish herself and the child in the Czech Republic, taking the child there on 11 March 1998.

Three months after the removal, the father petitioned the French Court for the return of the child, after all attempts to contact his daughter failed because of mother's very hostile attitude. Three months later the French authorities informed the father that they had petitioned the Czech Central Authority with a request for return in application of Articles 7 and 12 of the Hague Convention.

On 10 November 1998, the Family Matters' Judge established that there was joint custody and granted the care of the child to the father. In March 1999, with the authorization of a court in Prague, the father was allowed to meet his child for the first time. On 13 April 1999, the District Court of Prague 4 (obvondni soud) ordered the child's return, specifying that the mother was bound to take the child back to France within 15 days.

On 3 September 1999, the Regional Court of Prague (krasjský soud) confirmed the first instance judgment. By orders of 7 June and 8 July 1999, the District Court of Prague 4 ordered the enforcement of the decision of return, and this was again confirmed on appeal on 13 September 1999.

By orders rendered on 5 and 8 November 1999, the child's return was again ordered. Several enforcement attempts had been made without avail, leading the Czech authorities, at the pressing request of the French authorities, to file criminal charges against the mother, who had clearly indicated her intention to not return the child nor to disclose where she was hiding her.

In February 2000, the father requested the provisional imprisonment of the mother and sought the assistance of a local investigation office in order to find his daughter. On 3 March 2000, he initiated a constitutional appeal, alleging a breach of Articles 6 and 8 of the ECHR, then lodged charges against X, considering that the non-enforcement was not accidental.

On 19 May 2000, the child was returned to her father through the intermediary of the Judge of the District Court of Prague 4. Before the ECHR, the father brought legal charges against the Czech authorities for their lack of action in enforcing the decisions which awarded the child's residence to be with him.

Ruling

Application dismissed because ill-founded; the Czech authorities had not breached Article 8 of the ECHR.

Grounds

Issues Relating to Return


Although the father only raised the provisions of the Hague Convention, the Court examined the motion in the light of Article 8 of the ECHR (right to respect family life). Recalling that if Article 8 essentially aims to guard the individual against arbitrary interference from public authorities, it above all generates positive obligations inherent to an effective "respect" for family life; thus, the Court indicated that it is necessary to be cautious in finding the right balance between the competitive interest of the individual and that of society as a whole, and that in both cases, the State retains a certain discretionary margin.

The Court reiterated that Article 8 implies a parent's right to take measures to be united with a child and the obligation for the national authorities to take such measures. Furthermore, the Court stated that Article 8 imposes obligations on Contracting States in matters of uniting a parent to his/her children, which have to be construed in light of the Hague Convention, and this even more so when the defendant State is, as in this case, party to this instrument of which Article 7 lays down a list of measures to be taken by the States to ensure the immediate return of children.

The Court established that the Czech authorities had rendered several judgments, had made various attempts at enforcement, had ruled on the criminal charges against the mother, the latter who had indicated her intention to neither return the child nor to disclose where she had hidden her, and noted that the child had been returned to the father by the Prague Court.

With regard to the circumstances of the matter, and bearing in mind the State's discretionary nature, the Court considered that despite 8 months having elapsed between the return order and the delivery of the child, the Czech authorities did not fail to use appropriate and sufficient efforts to comply with the father's right to have his child returned, and did not fail to insure the father's right to respect of family life.

INCADAT comment

Enforcement of Return Orders

Where an abducting parent does not comply voluntarily the implementation of a return order will require coercive measures to be taken.  The introduction of such measures may give rise to legal and practical difficulties for the applicant.  Indeed, even where ultimately successful significant delays may result before the child's future can be adjudicated upon in the State of habitual residence.  In some extreme cases the delays encountered may be of such length that it may no longer be appropriate for a return order to be made.


Work of the Hague Conference

Considerable attention has been paid to the issue of enforcement at the Special Commissions convened to review the operation of the Hague Convention.

In the Conclusions of the Fourth Review Special Commission in March 2001 it was noted:

"Methods and speed of enforcement

3.9        Delays in enforcement of return orders, or their non-enforcement, in certain Contracting States are matters of serious concern. The Special Commission calls upon Contracting States to enforce return orders promptly and effectively.

3.10        It should be made possible for courts, when making return orders, to include provisions to ensure that the order leads to the prompt and effective return of the child.

3.11        Efforts should be made by Central Authorities, or by other competent authorities, to track the outcome of return orders and to determine in each case whether enforcement is delayed or not achieved."

See: < www.hcch.net >, under "Child Abduction Section" then "Special Commission meetings on the practical operation of the Convention" and "Conclusions and Recommendations".

In preparation for the Fifth Review Special Commission in November 2006 the Permanent Bureau prepared a report entitled: "Enforcement of Orders Made Under the 1980 Convention - Towards Principles of Good Practice", Prel. Doc. No 7 of October 2006, (available on the Hague Conference website at < www.hcch.net >, under "Child Abduction Section" then "Special Commission meetings on the practical operation of the Convention" then "Preliminary Documents").

The 2006 Special Commission encouraged support for the principles of good practice set out in the report which will serve moreover as a future Guide to Good Practice on Enforcement Issues, see: < www.hcch.net >, under "Child Abduction Section" then "Special Commission meetings on the practical operation of the Convention" then "Conclusions and Recommendations" then "Special Commission of October-November 2006"


European Court of Human Rights (ECrtHR)

The ECrtHR has in recent years paid particular attention to the issue of the enforcement of return orders under the Hague Convention.  On several occasions it has found Contracting States to the 1980 Hague Child Abduction Convention have failed in their positive obligations to take all the measures that could reasonably be expected to enforce a return order.  This failure has in turn led to a breach of the applicant parent's right to respect for their family life, as guaranteed by Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), see:

Ignaccolo-Zenide v. Romania, No. 31679/96, (2001) 31 E.H.R.R. 7, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/ 336];

Sylvester v. Austria, Nos. 36812/97 and 40104/98, (2003) 37 E.H.R.R. 17, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/ 502];

H.N. v. Poland, No. 77710/01, (2005) 45 EHRR 1054, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/ 811];

Karadžic v. Croatia, No. 35030/04, (2005) 44 EHRR 896, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/ 819];

P.P. v. Poland, No. 8677/03, 8 January 2008, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/ 941].

The Court will have regard to the circumstances of the case and the action taken by the national authorities.  A delay of 8 months between the delivery of a return order and enforcement was held not to have constituted a breach of the left behind parent's right to family life in:

Couderc v. Czech Republic, 31 January 2001, No. 54429/00, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/ 859].

The Court has dismissed challenges by parents who have argued that enforcement measures, including coercive steps, have interfered with their right to a family life, see:

Paradis v. Germany, 15 May 2003, No. 4783/03, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/ 860];

A.B. v. Poland, No. 33878/96, 20 November 2007, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/ 943];

Maumousseau and Washington v. France, No. 39388/05, 6 December 2007, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/ 942].

The positive obligation to act when faced with the enforcement of a custody order in a non-Hague Convention child abduction case was upheld in:

Bajrami v. Albania, 12 December 2006 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/ 898].

However, where an applicant parent has contributed to delay this will be a relevant consideration, see as regards the enforcement of a custody order following upon an abduction:

Ancel v. Turkey, No. 28514/04, 17 February 2009, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/ 1015].


Inter-American Commission on Human Rights

The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights has held that the immediate enforcement of a return order whilst a final legal challenge was still pending did not breach Articles 8, 17, 19 or 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights (San José Pact), see:

Case 11.676, X et Z v. Argentina, 3 October 2000, Inter-American Commission on Human Rights Report n°71/00, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/ 772].


Case Law on Enforcement

The following are examples of cases where a return order was made but enforcement was resisted:

Belgium
Cour de cassation 30/10/2008, C.G. c. B.S., N° de rôle: C.06.0619.F, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/BE 750];

Canada
H.D. et N.C. c. H.F.C., Cour d'appel (Montréal), 15 mai 2000, N° 500-09-009601-006 (500-04-021679-007), [INCADAT cite: HC/E/CA 915];

Switzerland
427/01/1998, 49/III/97/bufr/mour, Cour d'appel du canton de Berne (Suisse); [INCADAT cite: HC/E/CH 433];

5P.160/2001/min, Bundesgericht, II. Zivilabteilung (Tribunal Fédéral, 2ème Chambre Civile); [INCADAT cite: HC/E/CH 423];

5P.454/2000/ZBE/bnm, Bundesgericht, II. Zivilabteilung (Tribunal Fédéral, 2ème Chambre Civile); [INCADAT cite: HC/E/CH 786];

5P.115/2006/bnm, Bundesgericht, II. Zivilabteilung (Tribunal Fédéral, 2ème Chambre Civile); [INCADAT cite: HC/E/CH 840].

Enforcement may equally be rendered impossible because of the reaction of the children concerned, see:

United Kingdom - England & Wales
Re B. (Children) (Abduction: New Evidence) [2001] 2 FCR 531; [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 420];

United Kingdom - Scotland
Cameron v. Cameron (No. 3) 1997 SCLR 192; [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKs 112];

Spain
Auto Juzgado de Familia Nº 6 de Zaragoza (España), Expediente Nº 1233/95-B; [INCADAT cite: HC/E/ES 899].


Enforcement of Return Orders Pending Appeal

For examples of cases where return orders have been enforced notwithstanding an appeal being pending see:

Argentina
Case 11.676, X et Z v. Argentina, 3 October 2000, Inter-American Commission on Human Rights Report n° 11/00 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/ 772].

The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights has held that the immediate enforcement of a return order whilst a final legal challenge was still pending did not breach Articles 8, 17, 19 or 25 of the American Convention on Human Rights (San José Pact).

Spain
Sentencia nº 120/2002 (Sala Primera); Número de Registro 129/1999. Recurso de amparo [INCADAT cite: HC/E/ES 907];

United States of America
Fawcett v. McRoberts, 326 F.3d 491 (4th Cir. Va., 2003) [INCADAT cite: HC/E/USf 494].

In Miller v. Miller, 240 F.3d 392 (4th Cir. 2001) [INCADAT cite: HC/E/USf 461] while it is not clear whether the petition was lodged prior to the return being executed, the appeal was nevertheless allowed to proceed.

However, in Bekier v. Bekier, 248 F.3d 1051 (11th Cir. 2001) [INCADAT cite: HC/E/USf 909] an appeal was not allowed to proceed once the child was returned to the State of habitual residence.

In the European Union where following the entry into force of the Brussels IIa Regulation there is now an obligation that abductions cases be dealt with in a six week time frame, the European Commission has suggested that to guarantee compliance return orders might be enforced pending appeal, see Practice Guide for the application of Council Regulation (EC) No 2201/2003.

European Court of Human Rights (ECrtHR) Judgments