CASE

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Case Name

Rinau v. Rinau (C-195/08 PPU)

INCADAT reference

HC/E/LT 987

Court

Level

Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU)

Judge(s)
A. Rosas (President of the Chamber); J.N. Cunha Rodrigues (Rapporteur), J. Klucka, P. Lindh and A. Arabadjiev (Judges), E. Sharpston (Advocate General)

States involved

Requesting State

GERMANY

Requested State

LITHUANIA

Decision

Date

7 November 2008

Status

Final

Grounds

Aims of the Convention - Preamble, Arts 1 and 2 | Issues Relating to Return | Procedural Matters

Order

-

HC article(s) Considered

-

HC article(s) Relied Upon

-

Other provisions
Brussels II a Regulation (Council Regulation (EC) No 2201/2003 of 27 November 2003)
Authorities | Cases referred to
Case C-365/88 Hagan [1990] ECR I-1845; Case C-68/93 Shevill and Others [1995] ECR I-415; Case C-159/02 Turner [2004] ECR I-3565.

INCADAT comment

Exceptions to Return

General Issues
Limited Nature of the Exceptions

Implementation & Application Issues

Procedural Matters
Requirement of Expedition (art. 11)

Inter-Relationship with International / Regional Instruments and National Law

Brussels IIa Regulation (Council Regulation (EC) No 2201/2003 of 27 November 2003)
Brussels II a Regulation

SUMMARY

Summary available in EN | FR | ES

Facts

The application related to a child born in Germany on 11 January 2005. Shortly after the birth the parents separated with the child remaining with her mother. In July 2006 the father agreed to the mother taking the child to Lithuania for a two week vacation. The child was not returned. After being awarded custody by a local court in Germany (Amtsgericht Oranienburg) the father applied on 30 October 2006 to the Klaipeda Regional Court (Klaipedos apygardos teismas) (Lithuania) for the return of his daughter to Germany, relying on the 1980 Hague Convention and the Regulation.

That court dismissed the application by a decision of 22 December 2006. The non-return order was transmitted to the German Central Authority by the father's lawyer, and that authority itself forwarded the decision to the Amtsgericht Oranienburg. Subsequently, the Lithuanian Central Authority sent a translation in German.

On 15 March 2007 the Lietuvos apeliacinis teismas ordered that the child be returned to Germany. In April 2007 the Klaipedos apygardos teismas made an order suspending the enforcement of the appellate decision but this order was in turn set aside. On 4 June 2007 and 13 June 2007 respectively, the mother and the Head of the Public Prosecution Service of the Republic of Lithuania applied to the Klaipedos apygardos teismas to have the proceedings reopened, relying on new circumstances and the interest of the child in accordance with the first paragraph of Article 13 of the 1980 Hague Convention.

On 19 June 2007 the applications were dismissed on the ground that jurisdiction lay with the German courts. The mother appealed, but the Lietuvos apeliacinis teismas upheld the decision by a decision of 27 August 2007. Both decisions were though quashed by the Lietuvos Aukšciausiasis Teismas on 7 January 2008, which referred the applications back to the Klaipedos apygardos teismas. On 21 March 2008 the Klaipedos apygardos teismas again dismissed the applications for a reopening.

That decision was upheld by the Lietuvos apeliacinis teismas on 30 April 2008. However, the Lietuvos Aukšciausiasis Teismas decided, on 26 May 2008, to adjudicate in cassation on those decisions and suspended the enforcement of the decision of 15 March 2007 requiring the return of the child to Germany pending its decision on the substance of the case.

Meanwhile, on 20 June 2007, the Amtsgericht Oranienburg granted the divorce of the parents and awarded permanent custody to the father. Taking into consideration the non-return order of 22 December 2006 the court ordered the mother to send the child back to Germany and to leave her in the custody of the father. On 20 February 2008, the Brandenburgisches Oberlandesgericht dismissed an appeal by the mother.

The mother then lodged an application before the Lietuvos apeliacinis teismas for non recognition of the judgment of the Amtsgericht Oranienburg of 20 June 2007, in so far as it had awarded custody of the child to the father and ordered her to return the child to the father and to leave her in his custody. On 14 September 2007, the Lietuvos apeliacinis teismas held the mother's application to be inadmissible.

The certificate issued by the Amtsgericht Oranienburg pursuant to Article 42 of the Regulation stated that all the conditions necessary had been satisfied. The mother then lodged an appeal on a point of law before the Lietuvos Aukšciausiasis Teismas to have that order set aside and a fresh decision adopted granting her application for non recognition of the judgment of the Amtsgericht Oranienburg. In these circumstances the Lietuvos Aukšciausiasis Teismas decided to stay the proceedings and to refer the following questions to the Court for a preliminary ruling:

"1. Can an interested party within the meaning of Article 21 of [the Regulation] apply for non-recognition of a judicial decision if no application has been submitted for recognition of that decision?

2. If the answer to Question 1 is in the affirmative: how is a national court, when examining an application for non-recognition of a decision brought by a person against whom that decision is to be enforced, to apply Article 31(1) of [the Regulation], which states that "… [n]either the person against whom enforcement is sought, nor the child shall, at this stage of the proceedings, be entitled to make any submissions on the application"?

3. Is the national court which has received an application by the holder of parental responsibility for non-recognition of that part of the decision of the court of the Member State of origin requiring the child staying with that person to be returned to the State of origin, and in respect of which the certificate provided for in Article 42 of [the Regulation] has been issued, required to examine that application on the basis of the provisions of Sections 1 and 2 of Chapter III of [the Regulation], as provided for in Article 40(2) of that regulation?

4. What meaning is to be attached to the condition laid down in Article 21(3) of [the Regulation] ("[w]ithout prejudice to Section 4 of this Chapter")?

5. Does the adoption of the decision to return the child and the issue of the certificate under Article 42 of [the Regulation] in the court of the Member State of origin, after a court of the Member State in which the child is wrongfully retained has taken a decision that the child be returned to his or her State of origin, comply with the objectives of and procedures under [the Regulation]?

6. Does the prohibition in Article 24 of [the Regulation] of review of the jurisdiction of the court of the Member State of origin mean that, if it is unable to review the jurisdiction of the court of the Member State of origin and cannot identify any other grounds for non-recognition of decisions as set out in Article 23 of [the Regulation], a national court which has received an application for recognition or non-recognition of a decision of a foreign court is obliged to recognise the decision of the court of the Member State of origin ordering the child's return if the court of the Member State of origin failed to observe the procedures laid down in the Regulation when deciding on the issue of the child's return?"

Ruling

A successful appeal against a non-return order based on Article 13 of the Hague Convention in the State of refuge, will not prevent the application of the potentially overriding mechanism in Articles 11(8) and 42 of Brussels II a Regulation. The latter provisions operate independently once an Article 13 non-return order has been delivered.

Grounds

Aims of the Convention - Preamble, Arts 1 and 2

The ECJ noted that Council Regulation 2201/2003 complemented the 1980 Hague Convention, but also took precedence over it, in cases involving EU Member States (Denmark excepted). The Regulation sought to deter child abductions between Member States, and where abductions had occurred, to obtain the child's return without delay.

Issues Relating to Return

In observations made to the Court it was argued that an Art 42 return order and certificate could only be issued following the delivery of a Convention non-return order (Art 13). This was accepted, but the Court rejected the further suggestion that a successful appeal of a non-return order would de-activate the Art 42 mechanism. In this it held that the enforceability of a judgment requiring the return of a child following a judgment of non-return enjoyed procedural autonomy, so as not to delay the return of the abducted child. The procedural steps which, after a non-return decision had been taken, occurred or recurred in the Member State of enforcement were not decisive and might be regarded as irrelevant for the purposes of implementing the Regulation. If the position were otherwise, there would be a risk the Regulation would be deprived of its useful effect, since the objective of the immediate return of the child would remain subject to the condition that the redress procedures allowed under the domestic law of the Member State in which the child is wrongfully retained had been exhausted. Even if the object of the Regulation was not to unify the rules of substantive law and of procedure of the different Member States, it was nevertheless important that the application of those national rules did not prejudice its useful effect. This interpretation was moreover consistent with the requirements and purpose of the Regulation and was the only interpretation which best ensured the effectiveness of Community law. By excluding any appeal against the issuing of a certificate pursuant to Article 42(1), other than an action seeking rectification within the meaning of Article 43(1), the Regulation seeks to ensure that the effectiveness of its provisions is not undermined by abuse of the procedure. Moreover, Article 68 does not list among the redress procedures any appeal against decisions taken pursuant to Section 4 of Chapter III of the Regulation. The sequence of the decisions taken by the Lithuanian courts, as regards both the application for return and that for non-recognition of the decision certified pursuant to Article 42 of the Regulation, did not appear to have observed the autonomy of the procedure provided for in that provision. Second, the number of decisions and their diverse nature (to set aside, overturn, reopen, suspend) were evidence that, even if the most expeditious domestic procedures had been adopted, the periods of time elapsed were already, on the date on which the certificate was issued, in manifest contradiction to the requirements of the Regulation. Furthermore in the absence of doubt as regards the authenticity of the certificate issued by the Amtsgericht Oranienburg, and given it contained all the elements required by Article 42 of the Regulation, an appeal against the issue of the certificate or opposition to its recognition, under Article 43(2) of the Regulation, had to be dismissed, the requested court being able only to declare the enforceability of the certified decision. In the light of these observations, the answer to the fourth to sixth questions had to be that, once a non-return decision had been taken and brought to the attention of the court of origin, it was irrelevant, for the purposes of issuing the certificate provided for in Article 42 of the Regulation, that that decision had been suspended, overturned, set aside or, in any event, had not become res judicata or had been replaced by a decision ordering return, in so far as the return of the child had not actually taken place. Since no doubt had been expressed as regards the authenticity of that certificate and since it was drawn up in accordance with the standard form set out in Annex IV to the Regulation, opposition to the recognition of the decision ordering return was not permitted and it was for the requested court only to declare the enforceability of the certified decision and to allow the immediate return of the child. ****************************************************************** In response to the first question the Court held that whilst there was no possibility for an application of non-recognition where a return order had been adopted and certified pursuant to Articles 11(8) and 42, or where an Art 41 access order had been made, the possibility of making an independent application for non-recognition could not be discounted in general terms. Such an application was capable of satisfying various objectives, either of a substantive nature, in particular those relating to the best interests of the child, or the stability and harmony of the family, or of a procedural nature, by making it possible to bring forward the production of evidence which might no longer be available in the future. As regard the second question the Court held that Article 31(1) of the Regulation, was not applicable to proceedings initiated for non-recognition of a judicial decision if no application for recognition had been lodged beforehand in respect of that decision. In such a situation, the defendant, who was seeking recognition, was entitled to make such submissions. The answer to the third question was self evident: an application for non-recognition of a judicial decision was not permitted if a certificate had been issued pursuant to Article 42 of the Regulation.

Procedural Matters

It may be noted that the reference for a preliminary ruling was dealt with under the urgent procedure provided for in Article 104b of the Rules of Procedure of the ECJ.

INCADAT comment

Limited Nature of the Exceptions

Preparation of INCADAT case law analysis in progress.

Requirement of Expedition (art. 11)

Preparation of INCADAT commentary in progress.

Brussels II a Regulation

The application of the 1980 Hague Convention within the Member States of the European Union (Denmark excepted) has been amended following the entry into force of Council Regulation (EC) No 2201/2003 of 27 November 2003 concerning jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in matrimonial matters and the matters of parental responsibility, repealing Regulation (EC) No 1347/2000, see:

Affaire C-195/08 PPU Rinau v. Rinau, [2008] ECR I 5271 [2008] 2 FLR 1495 [Référence INCADAT : HC/E/ 987];

Affaire C 403/09 PPU Detiček v. Sgueglia, [Référence INCADAT : HC/E/ 1327].

The Hague Convention remains the primary tool to combat child abductions within the European Union but its operation has been fine tuned.

An autonomous EU definition of ‘rights of custody' has been adopted: Article 2(9) of the Brussels II a Regulation, which is essentially the same as that found in Article 5 a) of the Hague Child Abduction Convention. There is equally an EU formula for determining the wrongfulness of a removal or retention: Article 2(11) of the Regulation. The latter embodies the key elements of Article 3 of the Convention, but adds an explanation as to the joint exercise of custody rights, an explanation which accords with international case law.

See: Case C-400/10 PPU J Mc.B. v. L.E, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/ 1104].

Of greater significance is Article 11 of the Brussels II a Regulation.

Article 11(2) of the Brussels II a Regulation requires that when applying Articles 12 and 13 of the 1980 Hague Convention that the child is given the opportunity to be heard during the proceedings, unless this appears inappropriate having regard to his age or degree of maturity.

This obligation has led to a realignment in judicial practice in England, see:

Re D. (A Child) (Abduction: Rights of Custody) [2006] UKHL 51, [2007] 1 A.C. 619 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 880] where Baroness Hale noted that the reform would lead to children being heard more frequently in Hague cases than had hitherto happened.

Re M. (A Child) (Abduction: Child's Objections to Return) [2007] EWCA Civ 260, [2007] 2 FLR 72,  [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 901]

The Court of Appeal endorsed the suggestion by Baroness Hale that the requirement under the Brussels II a Regulation to ascertain the views of children of sufficient age of maturity was not restricted to intra-European Community cases of child abduction, but was a principle of universal application.

Article 11(3) of the Brussels II a Regulation requires Convention proceedings to be dealt with within 6 weeks.

Klentzeris v. Klentzeris [2007] EWCA Civ 533, [2007] 2 FLR 996, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 931]

Thorpe LJ held that this extended to appeal hearings and as such recommended that applications for permission to appeal should be made directly to the trial judge and that the normal 21 day period for lodging a notice of appeal should be restricted.

Article 11(4) of the Brussels II a Regulation provides that the return of a child cannot be refused under Article 13(1) b) of the Hague Convention if it is established that adequate arrangements have been made to secure the protection of the child after his return.

Cases in which reliance has been placed on Article 11(4) of the Brussels II a Regulation to make a return order include:

France
CA Bordeaux, 19 janvier 2007, No 06/002739 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/FR 947];

CA Paris 15 février 2007 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/FR 979].

The relevant protection was found not to exist, leading to a non-return order being made, in:

CA Aix-en-Provence, 30 novembre 2006, N° RG 06/03661 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/FR 717].

The most notable element of Article 11 is the new mechanism which is now applied where a non-return order is made on the basis of Article 13.  This allows the authorities in the State of the child's habitual residence to rule on whether the child should be sent back notwithstanding the non-return order.  If a subsequent return order is made under Article 11(7) of the Regulation, and is certified by the issuing judge, then it will be automatically enforceable in the State of refuge and all other EU-Member States.

Article 11(7) Brussels II a Regulation - Return Order Granted:

Re A. (Custody Decision after Maltese Non-return Order: Brussels II Revised) [2006] EWHC 3397 (Fam.), [2007] 1 FLR 1923 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 883]

Article 11(7) Brussels II a Regulation - Return Order Refused:

Re A. H.A. v. M.B. (Brussels II Revised: Article 11(7) Application) [2007] EWHC 2016 (Fam), [2008] 1 FLR 289, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 930].

The CJEU has ruled that a subsequent return order does not have to be a final order for custody:

Case C-211/10 PPU Povse v. Alpago, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/ 1328].

In this case it was further held that the enforcement of a return order cannot be refused as a result of a change of circumstances.  Such a change must be raised before the competent court in the Member State of origin.

Furthermore abducting parents may not seek to subvert the deterrent effect of Council Regulation 2201/2003 in seeking to obtain provisional measures to prevent the enforcement of a custody order aimed at securing the return of an abducted child:

Case C 403/09 PPU Detiček v. Sgueglia, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/ 1327].

For academic commentary on the new EU regime see:

P. McEleavy ‘The New Child Abduction Regime in the European Community: Symbiotic Relationship or Forced Partnership?' [2005] Journal of Private International Law 5 - 34.