CASE

No full text available

Case Name

Zaffino v. Zaffino (Abduction: Children's Views) [2005] EWCA Civ 1012

INCADAT reference

HC/E/UKe 813

Court

Country

UNITED KINGDOM - ENGLAND AND WALES

Name

Court of Appeal, Civil Division

Level

Appellate Court

Judge(s)
Thorpe, Wall, Neuberger L.JJ.

States involved

Requesting State

CANADA

Requested State

UNITED KINGDOM - ENGLAND AND WALES

Decision

Date

23 June 2005

Status

Final

Grounds

Objections of the Child to a Return - Art. 13(2) | Procedural Matters

Order

Appeal allowed, return ordered

HC article(s) Considered

13(2)

HC article(s) Relied Upon

13(2)

Other provisions

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Authorities | Cases referred to
Re T. (Abduction: Child's Objection to Return) [2000] 2 FLR 192; Re R. (Child Abduction: Acquiescence) [1995] 1 FLR 716; Re S. (A Minor)(Independent Representation) [1993] Fam 263, [1993] 2 FLR 437; Re A. (Abduction: Custody Rights) [1992] Fam 106 sub nom Re A (Minors) (Abduction: Acquiescence) [1992] 2 FLR 14.
Published in

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INCADAT comment

Exceptions to Return

General Issues
Impact of Convention Proceedings on Siblings and Step-Siblings
Child's Objection
Exercise of Discretion

SUMMARY

Summary available in EN | FR

Facts

The parents were married and had six children, aged 14 3/4, 13, 11 1/2, 10, 7 3/4 and 5 1/2 at the date of their removal from Canada to the United Kingdom on 21 April 2005. The mother had begun to explore the possibility of moving to the UK in 2004 and had spent time there. During one visit she commenced a relationship with a man with whom she continues to cohabit.

In the autumn of 2004 the mother issued proceedings in the Superior Court of Justice, Ontario for leave to remove 4 of the children to the UK. However, prior to the resolution of those proceedings she removed the children to the UK.

The father initiated return proceedings. On 26 May the High Court ruled that the two youngest children should be sent back, but that their two older siblings could remain since they had objected to a return and were of sufficient age and maturity to have their objections taken into account. The father appealed against the non-return of the two older children.

Ruling

Appeal allowed and return ordered; the Court of Appeal ruled that the objections of the two older children should not have led to an order for their non-return. A majority found that the trial judge had erred in the manner in which he exercised his discretion once he had found the Article 13(2) exception to have been made out.

Grounds

Objections of the Child to a Return - Art. 13(2)

All three Lord Justices hearing the appeal agreed that the children should be returned forthwith, however, each member of the panel stressed different issues in arriving at that conclusion. Thorpe LJ, with whom Wall LJ was in agreement, focussed on the manner in which the trial judge approached the exercise of discretion once he had concluded that the exception in Article 13(2) had been activated. The trial judge had relied on previous court of appeal case law which indicated that where the objections of a child were accepted they should be acted upon unless there were countervailing factors. Thorpe and Wall LJJ drew attention to alternative authorities and indeed to contrasting elements of the same cases, albeit delivered by different Lord Justices, to argue that in the exercise of the discretion arising under Article 13 the court must rather balance the nature and strength of the child’s objections against both Convention considerations and general welfare considerations. Within the latter regard must also be paid to the potential consequences of the exercise of the discretion not to make a return order. Wall LJ affirmed that the principles of the Convention clearly outweighed the objections of the children. Thorpe and Wall LJJ further considered the manner in which the trial judge applied his discretion; in this he had considered the two children separately, starting with the older sibling. Wall LJ ruled that this was incorrect and that the exercise of discretion should not be made by treating each child in isolation. Thorpe LJ held that the trial judge should have started from the basis that it had been conceded that the abducting mother would return to Canada with the two younger children. Wall LJ further held that the trial judge had erred in his evaluation of the younger child’s objections. Thorpe LJ did not confirm this finding but did agree that the case in relation to the younger sibling had been raise above its proper level. Neuberger LJ expressed broad agreement with regard to the approach in which the discretion of the court should be exercised, but he refused to find that the trial judge had erred in adopting the proper approach in principle as to whether the younger child’s objections were of sufficient strength, as to the balancing exercises or in assessing the position of the older child in its entirety before considering the younger sibling. In allowing the appeal he relied on the fact, also identified by Wall LJ, that the essence of the older child’s case which was to be with her younger siblings and mother could only be achieved by returning since the mother had already accepted that she would have to go back as there was no exception applicable to the two youngest children who had been wrongfully removed.

Procedural Matters

It may be noted that the return application was processed in a most expeditious manner, with only two months elapsing between the wrongful removal and the appellate hearing.

INCADAT comment

For case commentary, see: P. McEleavy, "Evaluating the Views of Abducted Children: Trends in Appellate Case Law" [2008] Child and Family Law Quarterly, pp. 230-254.

Impact of Convention Proceedings on Siblings and Step-Siblings

Preparation of INCADAT commentary in progress.

Exercise of Discretion

Where it is established that a child objects to a return and he is of sufficient age and maturity at which it is appropriate to take his views into account, then the Court seised of the case will have a discretion whether or not to make a return order.

Different approaches have been espoused as to the manner in which this discretion should be exercised and the relevant factors that should be taken into consideration.

Australia 
Richards & Director-General, Department of Child Safety [2007] FamCA 65 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/AU 904]

The appellate court found that the trial judge had erred in ruling that there had to be 'clear and compelling' reasons to frustrate the objectives of the Convention. The Court recalled that there were permitted exceptions to a mandatory return and where established these exceptions gave rise to a discretion. The relevant factors in the exercise of that discretion would vary according to each case, but would include giving significant weight to the objectives of the Convention in appropriate cases.

United Kingdom - England & Wales
The exercise of the discretion has caused difficulty for the Court of Appeal, in particular the factors to be considered and the weight to be accorded to them.

In the first key case: 

Re S. (A Minor) (Abduction: Custody Rights) [1993] Fam 242 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 87]

The Court of Appeal held that a court's discretion to refuse the immediate return of a child must be exercised with regard to the overall approach of the Convention, i.e. a child's best interests are furthered by a prompt return, unless there are exceptional circumstances for ordering otherwise.

In Re R. (Child Abduction: Acquiescence) [1995] 1 FLR 716 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 60] contrasting views were put forward by two members of the panel.

Balcombe L.J., who was content for there to be a relatively flexible approach to the gateway findings of age and objection, held that the weight to be given to objections would vary with the age of the child, but the policy of the Convention would always be a very weighty factor.

Millet L.J., who advocated a stricter interpretation of the gateway filters, held that if it was appropriate to consider the views of a child then those views should prevail unless there were countervailing factors, which would include the policy of the Convention.

The third member of the panel gave his support to the interpretation of Balcombe L.J.

In Re T. (Abduction: Child's Objections to Return) [2000] 2 FCR 159 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 270] Ward L.J. took up the interpretation of Millett L.J.

The reasoning of Re. T. was implicitly accepted by a differently constituted Court of Appeal in:

Re J. (Abduction: Child's Objections to Return) [2004] EWCA CIV 428, [2004] 2 FLR 64 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 579].

However, it was rejected in Zaffino v. Zaffino (Abduction: Children's Views) [2005] EWCA Civ 1012; [2006] 1 FLR 410 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 813].

The correct approach to the exercise of judicial discretion in England is now clearly that advanced by Balcombe L.J.

In Zaffino v. Zaffino the Court also held that regard could be paid to welfare considerations in the exercise of the discretion.  In that case, welfare considerations militated in favour of a return.

In Vigreux v. Michel [2006] EWCA Civ 630, [2006] 2 FLR 1180 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 829] the Court of Appeal considered how discretion should be exercised in a case governed by the Brussels II a Regulation.  It held that the aims and policy of the Regulation had to be considered in addition to the policy of the Convention.

In Re M. (A Child) (Abduction: Child's Objections to Return) [2007] EWCA Civ 260, [2007] 2 FLR 72 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 901] the Court gave a general consideration to welfare considerations in deciding not to order the return of the 8 year old girl concerned.

The Court also appeared to accept an obiter comment raised in Vigreux v. Michel that there had to be an ‘exceptional' dimension to a case before a Court might consider exercising its discretion against a return order.

Exceptionality was raised in Nyachowe v. Fielder [2007] EWCA Civ 1129, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 964].  There a return order was made notwithstanding the strong objections of an independent 12 year old.  Particular emphasis was placed on the fact that the girl had come for a 2 week vacation.

In Re M. (Children) (Abduction: Rights of Custody) [2007] UKHL 55, [2008] 1 AC 1288  [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 937] the House of Lords affirmed that it was wrong to import any test of exceptionality into the exercise of discretion under the Hague Convention. The circumstances in which a return may be refused were themselves exceptions to the general rule. That in itself was sufficient exceptionality. It was neither necessary nor desirable to import an additional gloss into the Convention.

Baroness Hale continued that where a discretion arose from the terms of the Convention itself, the discretion was at large.  In Article 13(2) cases the court would have to consider the nature and strength of the child's objections, the extent to which they were authentically the child's own or the product of the influence of the abducting parent, the extent to which they coincided or were at odds with other considerations which were relevant to the child's welfare, as well as general Convention considerations. The older the child, the greater the weight that objections would likely carry.

New Zealand
The Balcombe / Millett interpretations gave rise to contrasting High Court judgments. The Court of Appeal however voiced its preference for the Balcombe ‘shades of grey' approach in:

White v. Northumberland [2006] NZFLR 1105 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/NZ 902].

United Kingdom - Scotland
P. v. S., 2002 FamLR 2 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKs 963]

When exercising his discretion to make a return order, the trial judge noted that a return order should not be refused unless there were sound reasons for not giving effect to the objects of the Convention.  This was upheld on appeal.  The Inner House of the Court of Session further held that the existence of the Article 13 exceptions did not negate or eliminate the general policy of the Convention that wrongfully removed children should be returned.

Singh v. Singh 1998 SC 68 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKs 197]

The Court held that the welfare of the child was a general factor which should be taken into account in the exercise of discretion. A court should not limit itself to a consideration of the child's objection and the reasons for it. Nevertheless, the court held that a rule could not be laid down as to whether a child's welfare should be considered broadly or in detail; this was a matter within the discretion of the court concerned.

In W. v. W. 2004 S.C. 63 IH (1 Div) [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKs 805] the Inner House held that a balancing exercise had to be carried out, and one of the factors in favour of return was the spirit and purpose of the Convention to allow the court of habitual residence to resolve the custody dispute.

United States of America
De Silva v. Pitts, 481 F.3d 1279, (10th Cir. 2007), [INCADAT cite: HC/E/USf 903].

In upholding the views of a 14 year old boy the Court of Appeals for the 10th Circuit paid regard to his best interests but not to the policy of the Convention.

France
An appellate court limited the weight to be placed on the objections of the children on the basis that before being interviewed they had had no contact with the applicant parent and had spent a long period of time with the abducting parent. Moreover the allegations of the children had already been considered by the authorities in the children's State of habitual residence:

CA Bordeaux, 19 janvier 2007, No 06/002739 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/FR 947].