CASE

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Case Name

PROD c/ DDMV

INCADAT reference

HC/E/PA 1341

Court

Country

PANAMA

Name

Juzgado Segundo de Niñez y Adolescencia del Primer Circuito Judicial de Panamá

Level

First Instance

Judge(s)
Delia Cedeño P.

States involved

Requesting State

VENEZUELA

Requested State

PANAMA

Decision

Date

10 September 2014

Status

Upheld on appeal

Grounds

Habitual Residence - Art. 3 | Rights of Custody - Art. 3 | Grave Risk - Art. 13(1)(b) | Procedural Matters

Order

Return ordered

HC article(s) Considered

3 7 9 12 13(1)(b) 16

HC article(s) Relied Upon

3 13(1)(b)

Other provisions

-

Authorities | Cases referred to

-

Published in

-

INCADAT comment

Exceptions to Return

General Issues
Impact of Abducting Parent Applying for Asylum / Refugee Status
Grave Risk of Harm
Allegations of Inappropriate Behaviour / Sexual Abuse

Implementation & Application Issues

Measures to Facilitate the Return of Children
Undertakings

SUMMARY

Summary available in EN | ES

Facts

The case concerned a child born in 2008 in Valencia, Carabobo, Venezuela. The family lived in Venezuela. After the divorce, the mother and the father agreed that they would both have parental rights: the mother would have custody of the child, the father would pay child support, and access rights would be mutually agreed. This arrangement worked well until May 2012, when the mother changed her attitude. The father alleged that this change was caused by the marriage between the mother and a political refugee who had sought asylum in the United States of America.

In June 2012, the mother told the father that she wanted to go on vacation to the United States of America with the child. The father granted a notarised authorisation in order to complete the formalities necessary to obtain the travel visa for the child.

The next month, the mother informed the father that she was going to move definitively to the United States together with the child. Although the father did not oppose this plan per se, he stated that they should make an international parenting plan before the move and revoked the travel authorisation about which he also informed the Embassy of the United States of America in Venezuela.

On 18 November 2012, the father had direct contact with the child. The following day, the child went to the school in Venezuela for the last time and on 20 November 2012, the mother and the child travelled to Panama using a travel authorisation that they pretended was signed by the father.

On 12 December 2012, the father initiated proceedings to establish a parenting plan and, since he did not know where the child was, required a judicial inspection. Through this examination, he found out that mother and child had left Venezuela.

On 1 April 2013, the First Instance Court of Carabobo, Venezuela (Tribunal Quinto de Mediación y Sustentación de Protección de Niños, Niñas y Adolescentes de Carabobo, Venezuela) issued, as a precautionary measure, a parenting order establishing contact between the child and the father, a prohibition for the child to leave the country and the withholding of the child's passport. On 11 March 2014, the final judgment was entered and it set forth a parenting plan of equal shared parental responsibilities.

Additionally, the father reported the presumed forgery of the travel authorisation before a criminal court. After the handwriting expert report was performed, it was confirmed that the signature was not his. On 14 April 2013, the first instance criminal court ordered the pre-trial detention of the mother and issued an arrest warrant.

The father also filed an application for the return of the child to Venezuela. Initially, the Central Authority of Venezuela transmitted the return application to the Central Authority of the United States of America, which in turn transmitted it to the Central Authority of Panama because the child had been traced to that country. The Central Authority of Panama received the application on 13 October 2013.

On 22 April 2013, the mother requested Panama's National Office for Refugees (ONPAR, Oficina Nacional para la Atención de los Refugiados de Panamá) to recognize her status, and her child's status, as refugees. On 2 October 2013, the application was rejected. The mother requested her application be reconsidered.

On 10 March 2014, the First Instance Children's Court in Panama (Juzgado Segundo de Niñez y Adolescencia del Primer Circuito Judicial de Panamá) admitted the international proceedings for the return of the child. It ordered a prohibition for the child to leave the country, as well as the performance of a social study to examine his physical and emotional state, the care he received, and scheduled a hearing for 29 April 2014.

At the hearing, the mother stated that she had left Venezuela with the child because they were victims of domestic violence: verbal, emotional and physical abuse committed by the father, which had been reported to the authorities of Venezuela. But on 10 September 2013, after the relevant investigation, those proceedings were suspended.

The child only went to school in Panama in 2013. As for 2014, the mother stated that they were only in Panama temporarily and that the child was registered in a school in the United States of America. On 10 September 2014, the First Instance Children's Court ordered the return of the child to Venezuela. The mother appealed the decision.

Ruling

Appeal allowed, return ordered. The removal to Panama was considered wrongful and the grave risk exception of Article 13(1)(b) raised by the mother was not established.

Grounds

Habitual Residence - Art. 3


The Appeals Court (Tribunal Superior de Niñez y Adolescencia) considered that the country of habitual residence of the child prior to removal was Venezuela.

Rights of Custody - Art. 3


The Court held that, when the child was removed, the father had rights of access, not only because of the agreement in which he had entered with the mother, but also because these rights had been recognised by court in Venezuela. The Court concluded that the father had rights of custody under Arts. 3 and 5 of the 1980 Hague Child Abduction Convention and that the removal had been wrongful since the father had not authorised it.

Grave Risk - Art. 13(1)(b)


The Court held that the facts alleged as a basis for applying the exception of grave risk - gender-related violence and political asylum - had no direct link to the child and had not been properly proved by the mother. Consequently, the allegations did not have enough weight to depart from the principle of prompt return of the child.

The Court noted that in the context of the proceedings to establish a parenting plan, a psychosocial examination of the father had been conducted by the interdisciplinary team of the Judicial Circuit of Protection of Children and Adolescents of Carabobo, Venezuela. No impediment was found for the father to have contact with his child, but quite the opposite.

Additionally, in compliance with the measures ordered in the hearing of the return proceedings, reports were prepared about visits and a skype call between father and son, supervised by the psychologist from the interdisciplinary team. It was concluded that there was good communication and an affective connection between them.

The mother's appeal of her application to ONPAR, which had been rejected on 2 October 2013, was under examination when the judgment was entered. In light of the lack of evidence about the grave risk that the child would face if returned to Venezuela, the First Instance Court held that the mother's application was not an impediment to order the return of the child to the State of habitual residence.

Procedural Matters


When the First Instance Court of Panama decided, on 10 September 2014, that the child should return to Venezuela, it ordered that he should be accompanied by his mother or a relative of the mother appointed by her, but the latter only for a justifiable cause. Furthermore, the following obligations were imposed on the mother: covering the travel costs, providing a copy of the ticket and appearing with the child before the interdisciplinary team twice a week while the child remained in Panama.

Compliance with these obligations was mandatory even in case of an appeal. In addition, the Court maintained the prohibition for the child to leave the country until he was returned. The Appeals Court affirmed the judgment and ordered the return of the child in accordance with the conditions established in the judgment of the First Instance Court. It was approximately two years and four months from the moment the application for return was filed until the Appeals Court ordered the return of the child to Venezuela.

Authors of the summary: Professor Nieve Rubaja and Sabrina Anabel Silva, Argentina

INCADAT comment

Impact of Abducting Parent Applying for Asylum / Refugee Status

On occasion an abducting parent will apply in the State of refuge for political asylum or refugee status.  Where this has occurred, the State of the child's habitual residence has not normally been a Contracting State to the 1980 Hague Convention.  Nevertheless the court seised of the non-Convention return must decide how to weigh general child abduction policy considerations against the actual (or possible) award of refugee status or asylum.

Canada
The Matter of the Children's Law Reform Act: Between S. Del Carmen Miranda de Martinez v. G. Martinez-Jarquin (18 July 1990), transcript, Ontario Court; Provincial Division (Canada) [INCADAT cite: HC/E/CA 368].

A Salvadorian abducting parent and children were awarded refugee status by the Canadian Immigration Board.  In subsequent abduction proceedings the Ontario Court; Provincial Division held that the findings of the Board should be given significant weight but added that the issue it had to decide was different. It ruled that any perceived conflict between the refugee and child abduction issues should be resolved in favour of the policy enunciated by Ontario and embodied in the Hague Convention.  Return ordered.

Kovacs v. Kovacs (2002), 59 O.R. (3d) 671 (Sup. Ct.) [INCADAT cite: HC/E/CA 760].

Hungarian mother and child of Roma origin applied for refugee status on arrival in Canada.  The Ontario Superior Court of Justice ruled that an order for the return of a child could be made while a refugee claim on behalf of the child was pending. The Hague Convention required that applications for return be dealt with expeditiously. Convention applications could usually be completed within a few months. Refugee claims took a year or more. A refugee claim could not be allowed to defeat the aims of the Convention.

Canada (Citizenship and Immigration) v. Garcia, 2007 FCA 75, [2008] 1 F.C.R. 322 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/CA 727].

The Federal Court of Appeal decided that the non-return order of the Quebec Court of Appeal in respect of one of the children did not "directly contravene" the deportation order that had been made. Rather the latter ruling simply dismissed the father's application for return of the child - it did not include a specific order as to the child's place of residence. Moreover the finding of the Quebec Court of Appeal in the Hague Convention proceeding that the child had settled into his new environment was not sufficient to justify a stay of the deportation order under the IRPA, s. 50(a).

2008 QCSC 4762, Superior Court of Québec (District of Montreal), No: 500-04-048266-085 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/CA 925].  

The mother's application for refugee status did not affect the application of the Hague Convention because the child in this case was an American citizen and had a right to live in the USA.

United Kingdom - England & Wales
Re S. (Children) (Abduction: Asylum Appeal) [2002] EWCA Civ 843, [2002] 1 WLR 2548 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 590].

A mother applied for asylum after taking her sons from India ostensibly for a two month vacation. She argued that section 15 of the Immigration and Asylum Act 1999, which gave domestic effect in the United Kingdom to Article 33 of the United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees of 1951 (hereinafter UN Refugees Convention), prohibited the return of the boys to India. The provision provides:

'(1) During the period beginning when a person makes a claim for asylum and ending when the Secretary of State gives him notice of the decision on the claim, he may not be removed from, or required to leave, the United Kingdom.

(2) Subsection (1) does not prevent-(a) directions for his removal being given during that period; (b) a deportation order being made against him during that period.'

The Court of Appeal accepted the father's argument that section 15 only bound the executive branch and as such did not create an exception to the obligations arising under Article 12 of the Hague Convention nor was it intended to circumscribe the duty and discretion of a judge exercising the wardship jurisdiction of the High Court.

The Court acknowledged that there was a potential question as to the extent to which a family court faced with an abduction case should be obliged to take account or comply with Article 33 of the UN Refugees Convention as a freestanding instrument. It did not give a definite answer but stated it was likely a family judge would at the least pay very careful attention to any credible suggestion that a child might be persecuted if he were returned to his country of origin or habitual residence before making any order that such a return should be effected. Nevertheless on the facts of the case the return order was upheld.

Re H. (Child Abduction: Mother's Asylum) [2003] EWHC 1820, [2003] 2 FLR 1105 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 587].

The mother had already been granted refugee status when the father's non-Convention return application was heard. The High Court had to consider Article 33 of UN Refugees Convention.

Neither party sought to argue that the grant of refugee status was determinative, one way or the other, of the return application; rather the father argued that it should be given little weight, the mother substantial weight. In the balancing exercise of the factors for and against the return of the child the trial judge ultimately decided that a return order should be made.

Re F. (Children)(Abduction: Removal Outside Jurisdiction) [2008] EWCA Civ. 854, [2008] 2 F.L.R. 1649 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 982].

Return ordered as after 3 years of failed asylum applications evidence was produced that the abducting mother would almost inevitably be deported.  Consequently it was in the best interests of the children that they be ordered to return to their former State of habitual residence rather than being removed to the mother's State of nationality.

EM. (Lebanon) v. Secretary of State for the Home Department [2008] UKHL 64, [2009] 1 A.C. 1198 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 994].

Solely an immigration case. Mother failed in her application for asylum, but she eventually succeeded in arguing that a return would lead to a violation of her and the child's right to family life under Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR). However, it must be noted that on the facts the child's only ‘family life' was with the mother, the father having had no contact with the child since the day of his birth. A majority of the panel (4:1) held that the discriminatory nature of Lebanese family law, which would have led to the automatic transfer of care for the child being passed from mother to father, upon the child reaching his 7th birthday, would not have led to a breach of Convention rights

Allegations of Inappropriate Behaviour / Sexual Abuse

Courts have responded in different ways when faced with allegations that the left-behind parent has acted inappropriately or sexually abused the wrongfully removed or retained children. In the most straightforward cases the accusations may simply be dismissed as unfounded. Where this is not possible courts have been divided as to whether a detailed investigation should be undertaken in the State of refuge, or, whether the relevant assessment should be conducted in the State of habitual residence, with interim measures being taken to attempt to protect the child on his return.

- Accusations Dismissed:

Belgium

Civ. Liège (réf) 14 mars 2002, Ministère public c/ A [INCADAT Reference: HC/E/BE 706]

The father claimed that the mother sought the return of the child to have her declared mentally incapable and to sell her organs. The Court held, however, that even if the father's accusations were firmly held, they were not backed up by any evidence.
 
Canada (Québec)
Droit de la famille 2675, No 200-04-003138-979 [INCADAT Reference: HC/E/CA 666]
 
The Court held that if the mother had serious concerns with regard to her son, then she would not have left him in the care of the father on holiday after what she claimed there had been a serious incident.
 
J.M. c. H.A., Droit de la famille, No 500-04-046027-075 [INCADAT Reference: HC/E/CA 968]

The mother claimed that a grave risk arose because the father was a sexual predator.
The Court noted that such allegations had been rejected in foreign proceedings. It equally drew attention to the fact that Convention proceedings concerned the return of the child and not the issue of custody. The fears of the mother and of the maternal grandparents were deemed to be largely irrational. There was also no proof that the judicial authorities in the State of habitual residence were corrupt. The Court instead expressed concerns about the actions of members of the maternal family (who had abducted the child notwithstanding the existence of three court orders to the contrary) as well as the mental state of the mother, who had kept the child in a state of fear of the father.

France
CA Amiens, 4 mars 1998, No de RG 5704759 [INCADAT Reference: HC/E/FR 704]

The Court rejected the allegation of physical violence against the father; if there had been violence, it was not of the level required to activate Article 13(1)(b).

New Zealand
Wolfe v. Wolfe [1993] NZFLR 277 [INCADAT Reference: HC/E/NZ 303]

The Court rejected arguments by the mother that the father's alleged sexual practices would place the child at a grave risk of harm. The Court held that there was no evidence a return would expose the child to the level of harm contemplated under Article 13(1)(b).

Switzerland
Obergericht des Kantons Zürich (Appellate Court of the Canton Zurich), 28/01/1997, U/NL960145/II.ZK [INCADAT Reference: HC/E/CH 426]

The mother argued that the father was a danger to the children because, inter alia, he had sexually abused the daughter. In rejecting this accusation, the Court noted that the mother had previously been willing to leave the children in the father's sole care whilst she went abroad.

- Return ordered with investigation to be carried out in the State of habitual residence:

United Kingdom - England and Wales

N. v. N. (Abduction: Article 13 Defence) [1995] 1 FLR 107 [INCADAT Reference: HC/E/UKe 19]

The possible risk to the daughter needed to be investigated in the pending custody proceedings in Australia. In the interim, the child needed protection. However, this protection did not require the refusal of the application for her return. Such risk of physical harm as might exist was created by unsupervised contact to the father, not by return to Australia.

Re S. (Abduction: Return into Care) [1999] 1 FLR 843 [INCADAT Reference: HC/E/UKe 361]

It was argued that the allegations of sexual abuse by the mother's cohabitee were of such a nature as to activate the Article 13(1)(b) exception. This was rejected by the Court. In doing this the Court noted that the Swedish authorities were aware of the case and had taken steps to ensure that the child would be protected upon her return: she would be placed in an analysis home with her mother. If the mother did not agree to this, the child would be placed in care. The Court also noted that the mother had now separated from her cohabitee.

Finland
Supreme Court of Finland 1996:151, S96/2489 [INCADAT Reference: HC/E/FI 360]

When considering whether the allegations of the father's sexual abuse of his daughter constituted a barrier to returning the children, the Court noted that one of the objectives of the Hague Child Abduction Convention was that the forum for the determination of custody issues was not to be changed at will and that the credibility of allegations as to the personal characteristics of the petitioner were most properly investigated in the spouses' common State of habitual residence. In addition, the Court noted that a grave risk of harm did not arise if the mother were to return with the children and saw to it that their living conditions were arranged in their best interests. Accordingly, the Court found that there was no barrier to the return of the children.

Ireland
A.S. v. P.S. (Child Abduction) [1998] 2 IR 244 [INCADAT Reference: HC/E/IE 389]

The Irish Supreme Court accepted that there was prima facie evidence of sexual abuse by the father and that the children should not be returned into his care. However, it found that the trial judge had erred in concluding that this amounted to a grave risk of harm in returning the children to England per se. In the light of the undertakings given by the father, there would be no grave risk in returning the children to live in the former matrimonial home in the sole care of their mother.

- Investigation to be undertaken in the State of refuge:

China - (Hong Kong Special Administrative Region)
D. v. G. [2001] 1179 HKCU 1 [INCADAT Reference: HC/E/HK 595]

The Court of Appeal criticised the fact that the return order had been made conditional on the acts of a third party (the Swiss Central Authority) over whom China's (Hong Kong SAR) Court had neither jurisdiction nor control. The Court ruled that unless and until the allegations could be discounted altogether or after investigation could be found to have no substance, it was almost inconceivable that the trial court's discretion could reasonably and responsibly be exercised to return the child to the environment in which the alleged abuse took place.

United States of America
Danaipour v. McLarey, 286 F.3d 1 (1st Cir. 2002) [INCADAT Reference: HC/E/USf 459]

The Court of Appeals for the First Circuit ruled that great care had to be exercised before returning a child where there existed credible evidence of the child having suffered sexual abuse. It further stated that a court should be particularly wary about using potentially unenforceable undertakings to try to protect a child in such situations.

Kufner v. Kufner, 519 F.3d 33 (1st Cir. 2008) [INCADAT Reference: HC/E/USf 971]

The District Court had appointed an independent expert in paediatrics, child abuse, child sexual abuse and child pornography, to assess whether the photographs of the sons constituted child pornography and whether the behaviour problems suffered by the children were indications of sexual abuse. The expert reported that there was no evidence to suggest that the father was a paedophile, that he was sexually aroused by children, or that the pictures were pornographic. The expert approved of the German investigations and stated that they were accurate assessments and that their conclusions were consistent with their reported observations. The expert determined that the symptoms that the boys displayed were consistent with the stress in their lives caused by the acrimonious custody dispute and recommended that the boys not undergo further sexual abuse evaluation because it would increase their already-dangerous stress levels.

- Return Refused:

United Kingdom - Scotland

Q., Petitioner [2001] SLT 243 [INCADAT Reference: HC/E/UKs 341]

The Court held that there was a possibility that the allegations of abuse were true. It was also possible that the child, if returned, could be allowed into the unsupervised company of the alleged abuser. The Court equally noted that a court in another Hague Convention country would be able to provide adequate protection. Consequently it was possible for a child to be returned where an allegation of sexual abuse had been made. However, on the facts, the Court ruled that in light of what had happened in France during the course of the various legal proceedings, the courts there might not be able or willing to provide adequate protection for the children. Consequently, the risk amounted to a grave risk that the return of the girl would expose her to physical or psychological harm or otherwise place her in an intolerable situation.

United States of America
Danaipour v. McLarey, 386 F.3d 289 (1st Cir. 2004) [INCADAT Reference: HC/E/USf 597]

Having found that sexual abuse had occurred, the Court of Appeals ruled that this rendered immaterial the father's arguments that the courts of Sweden could take ameliorative actions to prevent further harm once the children had been returned. The Court of Appeals held that in such circumstances, Article 13(1)(b) did not require separate consideration either of undertakings or of the steps which might be taken by the courts of the country of habitual residence.

(Author: Peter McEleavy, April 2013)

Undertakings

Preparation of INCADAT case law analysis in progress.