AFFAIRE

Texte complet non disponible

Nom de l'affaire

Guichard v. France, Requête n°56838/00

Référence INCADAT

HC/E/CA 861

Juridiction

Nom

Cour européenne des Droits de l'Homme

Degré

Cour européenne des droits de l’homme (CourEDH)

États concernés

État requérant

France

État requis

Canada

Décision

Date

2 September 2003

Statut

Définitif

Motifs

Droit de garde - art. 3

Décision

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Article(s) de la Convention visé(s)

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Article(s) de la Convention visé(s) par le dispositif

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Autres dispositions
Arts 8, 12 and 14 CEDH
Jurisprudence | Affaires invoquées

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Publiée dans

-

INCADAT commentaire

Relation avec d’autres instruments internationaux et régionaux et avec le droit interne

Convention européenne des Droits de l’Homme (CEDH)
Jurisprudence de la Cour européenne des Droits de l'Homme (CourEDH)

RÉSUMÉ

Résumé disponible en EN | FR | ES

Facts

The child was born in 1990 to a French father and a Canadian mother. He had always lived in France. On 13 May 1992, the mother unilaterally decided to take the child to Canada to live with her. In 1993, a Canadian Court granted custody of the child to the mother. The various applications for custody from the father were dismissed.

On 5 March 1993, the father referred to the French Ministry of Justice as Central Authority, in order to grant him the assistance provided for by the Hague Convention. On 7 June 1993, the Ministry replied that in view of the facts at its disposal, the removal of the child did not breach any rights of custody and therefore could not be qualified as unlawful within the meaning of the Convention.

On 4 June 1994, the father filed an application with the Administrative Court of Paris seeking an order to establish that the father had parental authority over the child at the time of the removal and to consequently cancel the decision of 7 June 1993.

On 21 February 1996, the Court dismissed the father's application. The latter lodged an appeal against this decision. On 11 July 1997, the Administrative Court of Appeal of Paris dismissed the claim for cancellation of the decision of the Ministry of Justice. On 7 November 1997, the father referred to the Conseil d'Etat (supreme administrative court), which dismissed his claim on 30 June 1999.

Ruling

Application dismissed: all allegations presented by the father were ill-founded.

Grounds

Rights of Custody - Art. 3

Article 8 ECHR and Custody Rights:
The father alleged a breach of Article 8 ECHR, considering that the Judges had relied on the former Article 374 of the French Civil Code to consider that the father did not have custody of the child at the time of removal.

The Court recalled that the concept of family within the meaning of Article 8 ECHR is not only confined to relationships based on marriage but could include other factual "family" connections when the parties lived together without being married, as was the case in this matter. The Court added that for a parent and a child, being together represents a fundamental element of family life.

Noting that the father exclusively complained of the refusal of the administrative authorities to intervene in his favour in application of the Hague Convention for the reason that he did not have parental authority, the Court reiterated that if Article 8 was essentially intended to protect the individual against arbitrary interference from public authorities, it also entailed positive obligations inherent for an effective "respect" of family life.

The Court indicated that it would, in either case, have to ensure a fair balance between the competitive interests of the individual and society as a whole, and that in both cases, the State enjoyed a certain margin of discretion. The Court repeated that Article 8 involves a parent's right to appropriate measures to reunite him with his child and the obligation for national authorities to take them, specifying that this obligation is not absolute, but that their nature and extent depend on the circumstances of each case.

The Court again recalled that the ECHR must be applied in accordance with the principles of international law, in particular those related to the international protection of human rights, and that the positive obligations of Article 8 in matters of uniting a parent to his children should be construed in the light of the Hague Convention.

The Court explained that this matter should be distinguished from the Ignaccolo, Maire and Iglesias cases for which there was no doubt about the application of the Hague Convention, whereas in this case, the administrative authorities refused the father the protection of the Hague Convention because the removal was not unlawful seeing as the father did not have custody of his son at that time.

The Court specified that Article 3 of the Hague Convention provides that the right to custody could result from an automatic allocation and that this was the case in this matter since at the date of the removal, the provisions of French law by operation of law granted parental authority to the mother for the natural child.

Since the father was not, by operation of law, the holder of the custody of the child within the meaning of The Hague Convention, he could not invoke the protection that the Convention offered. The Court hence concluded that Article 8 ECHR, construed in the light of the Hague Convention, did not impose any positive obligations on the French authorities tending to the return of the child.

Natural child and custody:
Nevertheless admitting that the father also disputed the refusal of the domestic authorities to acknowledge his parental authority over the child, the Court recalled that it fell primarily on the national authorities, and singularly to the Courts and Tribunals, to construe and apply domestic law. It noted that the Conseil d'Etat had not ruled on the question of custody, but, in view of the facts of the case, had stated that the father had not proved custody at the time of the removal.

The Court added that it did not have the duty to substitute itself for domestic authorities to rule on questions of custody and visiting rights, but that it was incumbent upon it to assess the decisions rendered in this matter in the light of the Convention.

It also specified that it had already had the occasion to make pronounce itself on the compliance of former Article 374 of the French Civil Code and the right to respect for family life. to the Court considered that this provision allows the parent of a natural child without custody rights to apply to the judge for an amendment to the allocation of parental authority, and that the judge then has the role of examining whether this amendment is in the child's interest.

On this point the Court noted that the parents had not made use of this possibility when they lived together and that the father had not lodged any appeal against the decisions dismissing his requests for amendment of the custody rights. Hence the Court considered that the father's complaint drawn from Article 8 ECHR was ill-founded.

The Court acknowledged that it was true that an unmarried father was legally in a weaker position than a married father, since he was not, in principle, invested with parental authority. Nevertheless, the Court observed that the former Article 374, even in its wording prior to the 1993 reform, could not be construed as systematically granting custody of the natural children to the mother rather than the father, since the judges have to pronounce a decision in accordance with the interests of the children.

The Court therefore dismissed the complaint founded on Article 14 ECHR because there had not been discrimination between the father and mother of the natural children. The Court dismissed all the father's other complaints, not noting any appearance of a breach of the rights and freedoms guaranteed by the ECHR or its protocols.

INCADAT comment

See decisions rendered in France in this case: - Cour administrative d'appel du 11 juillet 1997 [INCADAT Reference : HC/E/FR 522] - Conseil d'Etat du 30 juin 1999 [INCADAT Reference: HC/E/FR 523].

European Court of Human Rights (ECrtHR) Judgments