HC/E/CA 861
Cour européenne des Droits de l'Homme
Cour européenne des droits de l’homme (CourEDH)
France
Canada
2 September 2003
Définitif
Droit de garde - art. 3
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Article 8 ECHR and Custody Rights:
The father alleged a breach of Article 8 ECHR, considering that the Judges had relied on the former Article 374 of the French Civil Code to consider that the father did not have custody of the child at the time of removal.
The Court recalled that the concept of family within the meaning of Article 8 ECHR is not only confined to relationships based on marriage but could include other factual "family" connections when the parties lived together without being married, as was the case in this matter. The Court added that for a parent and a child, being together represents a fundamental element of family life.
Noting that the father exclusively complained of the refusal of the administrative authorities to intervene in his favour in application of the Hague Convention for the reason that he did not have parental authority, the Court reiterated that if Article 8 was essentially intended to protect the individual against arbitrary interference from public authorities, it also entailed positive obligations inherent for an effective "respect" of family life.
The Court indicated that it would, in either case, have to ensure a fair balance between the competitive interests of the individual and society as a whole, and that in both cases, the State enjoyed a certain margin of discretion. The Court repeated that Article 8 involves a parent's right to appropriate measures to reunite him with his child and the obligation for national authorities to take them, specifying that this obligation is not absolute, but that their nature and extent depend on the circumstances of each case.
The Court again recalled that the ECHR must be applied in accordance with the principles of international law, in particular those related to the international protection of human rights, and that the positive obligations of Article 8 in matters of uniting a parent to his children should be construed in the light of the Hague Convention.
The Court explained that this matter should be distinguished from the Ignaccolo, Maire and Iglesias cases for which there was no doubt about the application of the Hague Convention, whereas in this case, the administrative authorities refused the father the protection of the Hague Convention because the removal was not unlawful seeing as the father did not have custody of his son at that time.
The Court specified that Article 3 of the Hague Convention provides that the right to custody could result from an automatic allocation and that this was the case in this matter since at the date of the removal, the provisions of French law by operation of law granted parental authority to the mother for the natural child.
Since the father was not, by operation of law, the holder of the custody of the child within the meaning of The Hague Convention, he could not invoke the protection that the Convention offered. The Court hence concluded that Article 8 ECHR, construed in the light of the Hague Convention, did not impose any positive obligations on the French authorities tending to the return of the child.
Natural child and custody:
Nevertheless admitting that the father also disputed the refusal of the domestic authorities to acknowledge his parental authority over the child, the Court recalled that it fell primarily on the national authorities, and singularly to the Courts and Tribunals, to construe and apply domestic law. It noted that the Conseil d'Etat had not ruled on the question of custody, but, in view of the facts of the case, had stated that the father had not proved custody at the time of the removal.
The Court added that it did not have the duty to substitute itself for domestic authorities to rule on questions of custody and visiting rights, but that it was incumbent upon it to assess the decisions rendered in this matter in the light of the Convention.
It also specified that it had already had the occasion to make pronounce itself on the compliance of former Article 374 of the French Civil Code and the right to respect for family life. to the Court considered that this provision allows the parent of a natural child without custody rights to apply to the judge for an amendment to the allocation of parental authority, and that the judge then has the role of examining whether this amendment is in the child's interest.
On this point the Court noted that the parents had not made use of this possibility when they lived together and that the father had not lodged any appeal against the decisions dismissing his requests for amendment of the custody rights. Hence the Court considered that the father's complaint drawn from Article 8 ECHR was ill-founded.
The Court acknowledged that it was true that an unmarried father was legally in a weaker position than a married father, since he was not, in principle, invested with parental authority. Nevertheless, the Court observed that the former Article 374, even in its wording prior to the 1993 reform, could not be construed as systematically granting custody of the natural children to the mother rather than the father, since the judges have to pronounce a decision in accordance with the interests of the children.
The Court therefore dismissed the complaint founded on Article 14 ECHR because there had not been discrimination between the father and mother of the natural children. The Court dismissed all the father's other complaints, not noting any appearance of a breach of the rights and freedoms guaranteed by the ECHR or its protocols.