AFFAIRE

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Nom de l'affaire

Koons c. Italie (Requête No 68183/01)

Référence INCADAT

HC/E/IT 1283

Juridiction

Degré

Cour européenne des droits de l’homme (CourEDH)

États concernés

État requérant

États-Unis d'Amérique

État requis

Italie

Décision

Date

30 September 2008

Statut

Définitif

Motifs

Convention européenne des droits de l’homme (CEDH)

Décision

-

Article(s) de la Convention visé(s)

-

Article(s) de la Convention visé(s) par le dispositif

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Autres dispositions
Convention européenne des Droits de l'Homme
Jurisprudence | Affaires invoquées

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INCADAT commentaire

Relation avec d’autres instruments internationaux et régionaux et avec le droit interne

Convention européenne des Droits de l’Homme (CEDH)
Jurisprudence de la Cour européenne des Droits de l'Homme (CourEDH)

Exceptions au retour

Sauvegarde des droits de l’homme et des libertés fondamentales
Sauvegarde des droits de l'homme et des libertés fondamentales

RÉSUMÉ

Résumé disponible en EN | FR | ES

Facts

The case concerned a child born in the USA in 1992. The parents' marriage had been troubled very soon. As early as 27 December 1993, when in Rome with his mother, the child was taken to the USA by his father, who immediately applied for divorce and custody there. The mother travelled to New York.

In January 1994, a New York court awarded provisional joint custody to the parents and held that the child would reside in New York. In June, the mother took the child with her to Italy. In December 1994, the New York court ordered a divorce, awarded custody to the father and confirmed that the child should reside in New York. The father applied for the child's return, claiming that he had taken him to New York because the mother had left him in Rome to take part in an erotic show.

On 6 April 1995, the President of the Rome Court of first instance, upon a petition for divorce and custody from the mother, held that the 1980 Hague Child Abduction Convention was inapplicable since it was not yet in force in Italy, and awarded custody of the child to the mother provisionally, with the father having a right of access exercisable in Italy only. On 3 October 1997, after a quashing by the Supreme Court, the Rome Court of first instance held the mother's petition to be inadmissible on the grounds that the parties were already divorced by the New York ruling of December 1994.

The Court of Appeal of Rome, to which the father had applied in the meantime for exequatur of the US divorce judgment, dismissed the application in July 1995 on grounds of inconsistency of the judgment with public policy.

The mother once again petitioned for divorce in Italy. On appeal, the Court of Appeal of Rome considered in July 1998 that even though the experts hinted that the father was "best suited to provide the child with a background of relationships in which he might live and grow", neither parent was blameless and decided that it would be less traumatic for the child to be entrusted to the mother since he had been living with her for several years. The father's appeal to the Supreme Court was dismissed.

In 1993 and 1994, the father had brought criminal complaints against the mother for breach of the duty of family assistance and abduction. The mother was finally convicted on the charge of abduction.

As the mother denied the father access to the child, in breach of the terms of the order of July 1998, the father initiated criminal proceedings against her in 2002 for deliberate failure to execute a court order - the outcome of those proceedings was unknown to the European Court of Human Rights (ECrtHR). The father also brought proceedings for forfeiture of parental authority owing to the obstacles she raised between his son and him. His claim was dismissed on appeal.

The father, in other proceedings, applied for amendment of the terms of custody. The Court ordered in April 2003 placement of the child with the public agencies, his residence being maintained with his mother. The father appealed and petitioned for the hearing scheduled for February 2004 to be moved forward to September 2003 as the mother continued to impede exercise of his parental authority.

In November, the Court of Appeal of Rome held that the municipality should obtain information concerning the child's placement, and adjourned the case to February 2004. After a series of postponements due to attempted amicable settlement, the Court of Appeal held on 30 October 2006 that the custody entrusted to the social services had failed "in terms both of monitoring of the child's development and of the prospect of closer relations with the [father]".

It added that the atmosphere of perpetual conflict between the parents and their lack of willingness to collaborate caused it to rule out the possibility of shared custody. Having regard to the child's age and his wish to remain with the mother, the Court regarded it as logical to exclude the child's placement with the father and added that a further attempt at mediation would be a source of stress for the child.

Ruling

By five to two: no breach of Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR).

Grounds

European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR)


The majority of the ECrtHR found that the possibility for the father to continue to have stable relations with his son was a fundamental element of family life so that the child's maintenance in Italy decided upon by the Italian courts was interference within the meaning of Article 8 ECHR.

It added that while this provision created affirmative duties to take suitable action to reunite the parent and child, those obligations were not absolute and should be interpreted in the light of the requirements of the 1980 Convention and the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child of 20 November 1989.

The ECrtHR having noted that the rulings challenged by the father were intended to protect the rights and freedoms of the child, recognized as a legitimate purpose, the issue was whether the interference was "necessary in a democratic society". Noting that Article 8 does not "contain any express procedural requirement, the decision-process leading to the interference measures must be fair and observe in an appropriate manner the interests protected by that provision".

Reviewing the Italian decisions and procedure, the ECrtHR considered that the Italian Courts had "conducted a thorough review of the whole family situation, and an appraisal of the interest of all parties involved and especially the child", whose best interest "was always at the heart of the action of the authorities seised", "even when the Court of Appeal was compelled in 2006 to admit that the proposed rapprochement between father and son had failed".

The child had always strongly objected to the idea of joining his father in the USA. The ECrtHR inferred that the authorities "had deployed all necessary efforts to protect the primordial interests of the minor". The Court added that "insofar as the claim [...] might be interpreted as referring to an alleged impossibility of exercising his right of access", the father had failed to provide it with sufficient evidence to rule on this point. It concluded that there was no breach of Article 8.

Judges Popovic and Sajo, however, stated a dissenting opinion, considering that the father had constantly referred to his right of access, "naturally always as an accessory in relation to custody of the child". Pointing out that in accordance with the precedents of the Court, "the child's interest can have a two-fold purpose: to secure its evolution in a healthy environment, and a parent may not be permitted to take action detrimental to its health or development; and to maintain its connections with its family, unless the latter has proved particularly unfit, because breaking that connection is equivalent to severing the child from its roots".

According to Judges Popovic and Sajo, "custody of the child include[d] links with the family, and the right of access and right to exercise parental authority [were] instruments of those links with the family, which constitute[d] mutual rights". In their view, accordingly, there was a breach of Article 8 ECHR in this respect.

Author of the summary: Aude Fiorini

INCADAT comment

European Court of Human Rights (ECrtHR) Judgments

Protection of Human rights & Fundamental Freedoms

Preparation of INCADAT commentary in progress.