AFFAIRE

Télécharger le texte complet EN

Nom de l'affaire

Sofia Povse and Doris Povse v. Austria (Application No 3890/11)

Référence INCADAT

HC/E/AT 1205

Juridiction

Degré

Cour européenne des droits de l’homme (CourEDH)

États concernés

État requérant

Italie

État requis

Autriche

Décision

Date

18 June 2013

Statut

Susceptible de recours

Motifs

Convention européenne des droits de l’homme (CEDH)

Décision

-

Article(s) de la Convention visé(s)

-

Article(s) de la Convention visé(s) par le dispositif

-

Autres dispositions
Article 8 de la Convention européenne des Droits de l'Homme; Articles 11 et 42 du Règlement Bruxelles II bis (Règlement (CE) No 2201/2003 du Conseil du 27 novembre 2003)
Jurisprudence | Affaires invoquées

-

INCADAT commentaire

Relation avec d’autres instruments internationaux et régionaux et avec le droit interne

Règlement Bruxelles II bis (Règlement (CE) No 2201/2003 du Conseil du 27 novembre 2003)
Règlement Bruxelles II bis
Convention européenne des Droits de l’Homme (CEDH)
Jurisprudence de la Cour européenne des Droits de l'Homme (CourEDH)

Exceptions au retour

Sauvegarde des droits de l’homme et des libertés fondamentales
Sauvegarde des droits de l'homme et des libertés fondamentales

RÉSUMÉ

Résumé disponible en EN | FR | ES

Facts

The application related to a child born in December 2006. The parents were not married and lived together in Italy until January 2008. Under Italian law, they shared custody of the child. When the parents separated, the mother took the child from the family home.

Although the father obtained an order preventing the mother from removing the child from the jurisdiction, the mother took the child to Austria some time in February 2008. Proceedings then took place in Italy and in Austria. On 16 April 2008, the father issued return proceedings in the Bezirksgericht Leoben (Austria).

On 23 May 2008, the Tribunale per i Minorenni di Venezia (Italy) lifted the prohibition on the removal of the child from the jurisdiction, gave custody, provisionally, to both parents and specified that the child should remain with the mother in Austria until it gave a final ruling. The father was to have contact with the child and this was to be evaluated by a welfare officer. The latter subsequently reported that the mother did not allow sufficient contact to take place to enable an effective evaluation to be made.

On 3 July, the Bezirksgericht Leoben rejected the father's return application. This was overturned by the Landesgericht Leoben, on the basis that the father had not been heard, cf. Article 11(5) Brussels IIa Regulation (Council Regulation (EC) No 2201/2003 of 27 November 2003) Brussels IIa).

On 21 November, the Bezirksgericht Leoben again refused the return application, relying on the decision of 23 May from the Tribunale per i Minorenni di Venezia, which allowed the child to stay provisionally with the mother. On 7 January 2009, this decision was upheld by the Landesgericht Leoben, which held that the child would face a grave risk of psychological harm if returned.

The mother then sought to raise substantive custody proceedings before the Bezirksgericht Judenburg (Austria). On 26 May, relying on Article 15(5) of the Brussels IIa Regulation, the latter court requested the Tribunale per i Minorenni di Venezia to transfer its jurisdiction. Previously, on 9 April 2009, the father had requested the Tribunale per i Minorenni di Venezia to make a return order on the basis of Article 11(8) of the Brussels IIa Regulation.

On 10 July 2009, the Tribunale per i Minorenni di Venezia held that it was still competent in the matter and had not lost its jurisdiction under Article 10 of the Brussels IIa Regulation. It further noted that the mother had not respected the contact plan and that an expert report had not therefore been obtained. The Court also ordered the return of the child and certified this order pursuant to Article 42 of the Brussels IIa Regulation.

On 25 August, the Bezirksgericht Judenburg issued an ex parte order granting the mother provisional custody. The father was not advised of his procedural rights and the order became final on 23 September. On 22 September, the father sought the enforcement of the order of 10 July before the Bezirksgericht Leoben. This was refused on the basis that the child would face a grave risk of harm. The father successfully appealed this refusal before the Landesgericht Leoben.

The mother then seised the Oberster Gerichtshof (Austria) which in turn requested a preliminary ruling on several issues from the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) under the expedited PPU mechanism. The application was allowed to proceed under the latter mechanism on the basis that were there to be further delay in enforcement of the return order the deterioration in the relations between father and child would be worsened and the child would face an increased risk of psychological harm if sent back.

On 1 July 2010, the CJEU issued a preliminary ruling Doris Povse v. Mauro Alpago (C-211/10 PPU) [INCADAT Reference: HC/E/ 1328] confirming the jurisdiction of the Italian courts in the case and the enforceability of the 10 July 2009 judgment of the Tribunale per i Minorenni di Venezia. It found, in particular, that:

"(1) a provisional measure [as the one issued by the Tribunale per i Minorenni di Venezia in 2008] did not constitute a 'judgment on custody that does not entail the return of the child' within the meaning of Article 10(b) subparagraph (iv) of the Brussels IIa Regulation and could not be the basis of a transfer of jurisdiction to the courts of the Member State to which the child had been unlawfully removed;
(2) Article 11(8) of the Regulation applied to a judgment of the court with jurisdiction ordering the return of the child, even if it was not preceded by a final judgment of that court relating to rights of custody of the child;
(3) Article 47(2) subparagraph (2) of the Regulation had to be interpreted as meaning that a judgment delivered subsequently by a court of the Member State of enforcement which awarded provisional rights of custody, could not preclude enforcement of a certified judgment delivered previously by the court which had jurisdiction in the Member State of origin and had ordered the return of the child;
(4) enforcement of a certified judgment [ordering the child's return] could not be refused by the Member State of enforcement because, as a result of a subsequent change of circumstances, it might be seriously detrimental to the best interests of the child. Such a change had to be pleaded before the court which had jurisdiction in the Member State of origin which also had to hear any application to suspend the enforcement of its judgment".

On 13 July 2010, the Oberster Gerichtshof dismissed the mother's appeal on points of law. It noted that according to the CJEU's ruling the Austrian courts' only task was to take the necessary steps for the enforcement of the return order, without proceeding to any review of the merits of the decision. If the mother asserted that the circumstances had changed since the Tribunale per i Minorenni di Venezia had given its judgment, she had to apply to that court, which would also be competent to grant such an application suspensive effect.

On 31 August 2010, the Tribunale per i Minorenni di Venezia refused to grant a request by the mother for the enforcement of its judgment of 10 July 2009 to be stayed. The father then requested the Bezirksgericht Leoben to order the child's return to Italy. On 18 January 2011, mother and daughter lodged an application with the European Court of Human Rights (ECrtHR) alleging a breach of their rights in Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR).

On 17 February 2011, the Bezirksgericht Leoben requested the father to submit evidence that appropriate accommodation would be made available to mother and child as required by the Tribunale per i Minorenni di Venezia judgment of 10 July 2009.

By a judgment of 23 November 2011, the Tribunale per i Minorenni di Venezia withdrew the mother's custody rights and awarded sole custody of the child to the father. It further ordered the child's return to Italy, to reside with the father in the Vittorio Veneto community. The Tribunale noted that this would entail a difficult transition for the child but considered that the damage of growing up without her father would weigh even heavier.

The Tribunale considered that the social services would have to give the child pedagogical and linguistic support to settle in her new family and social environment and to maintain contact with her mother. Finally, the Tribunale considered that the child's return would not entail any grave risk of psychological or physical harm within the meaning of Article 11 of the Brussels IIa Regulation. The mother did not appeal against the judgment.

On 19 March 2012, the father notified the Bezirksgericht Leoben of the Tribunale per i Minorenni di Venezia judgment of 23 November 2011. He also submitted a certificate of enforceability under Article 42 of the Brussels IIa Regulation. On 3 May 2012, the Bezirksgericht Leoben dismissed the father's request on the basis that he had failed to submit proof that appropriate accommodation would be available for mother and daughter upon their return.

On 15 June 2012, the Landesgericht Leoben allowed the father's appeal and ordered the mother to hand over the child to the father within fourteen days, noting that enforcement measures would be taken in case of failure to comply.

On 13 September 2012, the Oberster Gerichtshof rejected the mother's extraordinary appeal on points of law as the case did not raise an important legal issue. It noted that the return order had become final and was enforceable. The first-instance court now had no other task than to define the steps to be taken to enforce the return order.

On 1 October 2012 the Bezirksgericht Leoben held that it was not competent to conduct the enforcement proceedings and transferred the case to the Wiener Neustadt District Court, due to a change of the mother and daughter's place of residence.

On 4 October 2012, the Bezirksgericht Wiener Neustadt ruled that the best interests of the child required the parents to reach a workable compromise. The Court proposed that a hearing in the presence of both parents be organised in order to seek a constructive solution. On 16 October 2012, the father informed the Bezirksgericht Wiener Neustadt that he was not ready to participate in a hearing with the mother, but wanted to arrange the return of the child with the least traumatic impact possible.

On 23 October 2012, the mother informed the Bezirksgericht that she was ready to take part in the proposed hearing. She also informed the Court that she had appealed against the decision which had transferred the case from the Bezirksgericht Leoben to the Bezirksgericht Wiener Neustadt.

Consequently, the decision establishing the competence of the Bezirksgericht Wiener Neustadt had not become final. Finally, the mother argued that if enforcement measures had to be taken, they must be taken in accordance with Austrian law pursuant to Article 47 of the Brussels IIa Regulation. Austrian law, namely section 110(3) of the Non-Contentious Proceedings Act, allowed the court to refrain from executing an order if the child's interests were at risk.

In a decision of 20 May 2013, the Bezirksgericht Wiener Neustadt ordered the second applicant to hand over the child to her father by 7 July 2013 and stated that in case of failure to comply coercive measures would be applied.

Ruling

By a majority, application held to be inadmissible.

Grounds

European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR)


Submission of the mother and daughter:
Mother and daughter submitted that the daughter's return to her father in Italy would cause her serious psychological harm and would constitute a gross violation of their right to respect for their family life (Article 8 of the ECHR). In this they noted that the daughter was now six years old, did not speak Italian and had not seen her father since mid 2009. They pointed out that from May 2008 to July 2009 both had resided in Austria with the approval of the Tribunale per i Minorenni di Venezia.

Mother and daughter sought to distinguish the present case from the Bosphorus Case (Bosphorus Hava Yollar? Turizm ve Ticaret Anonim ?irketi v. Ireland (GC), Application No 45036/98, ECHR 2005 VI), on the basis that there had not been "equivalent protection" of their fundamental rights by the CJEU. To accept that the Austrian courts did not have to carry out any scrutiny of whether the daughter's return to Italy would violate their right to respect for their family life, was to deprive them of any protection of their ECHR rights.

Submission of the Austrian Government:
The Government observed that under the Brussels IIa Regulation, the Austrian courts were not entitled to examine the merits of the return order to be enforced. They had no margin of appreciation in that respect. The CJEU's ruling of 1 July 2010 had made it clear that any examination of the merits of the return order, including the question whether a return would endanger the child's well-being, was the exclusive preserve of the courts of the State of origin, namely the Italian courts.

The Government reiterated that there was a presumption that a State which had merely complied with the legal obligations incumbent on it as a result of its membership in an international organisation had not violated its obligations under the ECHR if the protection of fundamental rights provided by the international organisation concerned was equivalent to that provided by the Convention.

The Austrian Government noted that the ECrtHR had previously found that the fundamental rights protection in EU law, with particular regard to the role of the CJEU, to be equivalent to the protection provided by the ECHR. It repeated that in the present case the CJEU, upon the request of the Oberster Gerichtshof for a preliminary ruling, had interpreted the Brussels IIa Regulation in such a way that the Austrian courts had been completely prevented from reviewing the return order issued by the Tribunale per i Minorenni di Venezia pursuant to Article 11(8) of the Brussels IIa Regulation.

Submission of the Italian Government:
The Italian Government, as a third-party intervener, clarified that whilst mother and daughter had failed to appeal against the Tribunale per i Minorenni di Venezia judgment of 23 November 2011, they still had the opportunity under Article 742 of the Italian Code of Civil Procedure to request a review of the return order, if there was any relevant change of circumstances. The Government contested the assertion that the daughter's return to Italy would lead to a permanent separation from her mother, and noted that no arrest warrant had been issued against the mother and she did not risk deprivation of liberty.

The Court's Assessment:
The Court noted that it was not in dispute that the Austrian courts' decisions ordering the enforcement of the Tribunale per i Minorenni di Venezia return orders interfered with the applicants' right to respect for their family life within the meaning of Article 8 of the ECHR.

As the decisions ordering the enforcement of the return orders were based on Article 42 of the Brussels IIa Regulation the interference was "in accordance with the law". Moreover, the interference, which was aimed at reuniting the daughter with her father, pursued one of the legitimate aims set out in Article 8(2), namely the protection of the rights of others. Furthermore, in the light of the Grand Chamber ruling in the Bosphorus Case, the Court added that "compliance with European Union law by a Contracting Party constitute[d] a legitimate general-interest objective".

Turning to whether the interference was necessary, the Court referred to the earlier decision in Michaud v. France, Application No 12323/11 as well as the key ruling in Bosphorus Hava Yollar? Turizm ve Ticaret Anonim ?irketi v. Ireland (GC), Application No 45036/98), ECHR 2005 VI.

The ECrtHR re-affirmed, in line with the Bosphorus Case, that Council of Europe Member States remained responsible under the ECHR for the measures taken to comply with their international legal obligations, even when those obligations stemmed from their membership of an international organisation to which they had transferred part of their sovereignty. However, where the international organisation provided equivalent protection for fundamental rights to that provided by the ECHR, there was a presumption that a State would not have departed from the requirements of the ECHR when it did no more than implement legal obligations flowing from its membership of that international organisation.

A State would though be fully responsible under the ECHR for all acts falling outside its strict international legal obligations, notably where it had exercised State discretion. In addition, the presumption of equivalent protection could be rebutted if, in the circumstances of a particular case, it was considered that the protection of ECHR rights was manifestly deficient.

Turning to the facts of the case, the Court reiterated, firstly, that it had already found that the protection of fundamental rights afforded by the European Union was in principle equivalent to that of the ECHR system as regards both the substantive guarantees offered and the mechanisms controlling their observance. Consequently, the presumption of ECHR compliance would apply provided the Austrian courts did no more than implement the legal obligations flowing from Austria's membership of the European Union, without exercising any discretion, when ordering the enforcement of the Tribunale per i Minorenni di Venezia return order of 23 November 2011.

Consideration therefore had to be given to whether there were any circumstances in the present case capable of rebutting the presumption of Convention compliance. The Court noted that the decisions ordering the enforcement of the Tribunale per i Minorenni di Venezia judgment were based on Article 42 of the Brussels IIa Regulation, which provides for the automatic enforceability of return orders made under Article 11(8) of the Regulation.

In this the Court noted that in a context like the present one, the European Union Member State court ordering the return of the abducted child had to have made an assessment of the question whether the return would entail a grave risk for the child.

Furthermore, the Court observed that the Oberster Gerichtshof had asked the CJEU for a preliminary ruling in the first set of proceedings concerning the enforcement of the Tribunale per i Minorenni di Venezia judgment of 10 July 2009. And the CJEU ruling of 1 July 2010 had made it clear that the courts of the requested State could not review the merits of the return order, nor could they refuse enforcement on the ground that the return would entail a grave risk for the child owing to a change in circumstances since the delivery of the certified judgment.

The Court therefore accepted that the Austrian courts could not and did not exercise any discretion in ordering the enforcement of the return orders. Austria had therefore done no more than fulfil the strict obligations flowing from its membership of the European Union.

The Court was not convinced by the argument of the mother and daughter that to accept that the Austrian courts must enforce the return order of 23 November 2011 without any scrutiny as to its merits, would deprive them of any protection of their Convention rights. The Court held that they could rely on their Convention rights before the Italian Courts.

The Court noted that they had thus far failed to do so, as they had not appealed against the judgment of 23 November 2011. Nor had they requested the competent Italian court to stay the enforcement of that return order. The Court further noted that it was still open to mother and daughter to raise the question of any changed circumstances in a request for review of the return order under Article 742 of the Italian Code of Civil Procedure. Finally the Court added that should any action before the Italian courts fail, mother and daughter would be in a position to lodge an application with the Court against Italy.

The Court concluded that the presumption that Austria, which had done no more than fulfil its obligations as an EU member State under the Brussels IIa Regulation, had complied with the ECHR, had not been rebutted. The application of the mother and daughter was therefore manifestly ill-founded and had to be rejected.

Author of the summary: Peter McEleavy

INCADAT comment

The father filed a complaint with the ECrtHR on 14 January 2013 that under Article 8 of the ECHR the Austrian courts had violated his right to respect for his family life in that they had failed to enforce the Italian court's judgments ordering the return of his daughter, see M.A. against Austria (Application No 4097/13), lodged on 14 January 2013 (http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/sites/eng/pages/search.aspx?i=001-122534).

Brussels II a Regulation

The application of the 1980 Hague Convention within the Member States of the European Union (Denmark excepted) has been amended following the entry into force of Council Regulation (EC) No 2201/2003 of 27 November 2003 concerning jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in matrimonial matters and the matters of parental responsibility, repealing Regulation (EC) No 1347/2000, see:

Affaire C-195/08 PPU Rinau v. Rinau, [2008] ECR I 5271 [2008] 2 FLR 1495 [Référence INCADAT : HC/E/ 987];

Affaire C 403/09 PPU Detiček v. Sgueglia, [Référence INCADAT : HC/E/ 1327].

The Hague Convention remains the primary tool to combat child abductions within the European Union but its operation has been fine tuned.

An autonomous EU definition of ‘rights of custody' has been adopted: Article 2(9) of the Brussels II a Regulation, which is essentially the same as that found in Article 5 a) of the Hague Child Abduction Convention. There is equally an EU formula for determining the wrongfulness of a removal or retention: Article 2(11) of the Regulation. The latter embodies the key elements of Article 3 of the Convention, but adds an explanation as to the joint exercise of custody rights, an explanation which accords with international case law.

See: Case C-400/10 PPU J Mc.B. v. L.E, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/ 1104].

Of greater significance is Article 11 of the Brussels II a Regulation.

Article 11(2) of the Brussels II a Regulation requires that when applying Articles 12 and 13 of the 1980 Hague Convention that the child is given the opportunity to be heard during the proceedings, unless this appears inappropriate having regard to his age or degree of maturity.

This obligation has led to a realignment in judicial practice in England, see:

Re D. (A Child) (Abduction: Rights of Custody) [2006] UKHL 51, [2007] 1 A.C. 619 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 880] where Baroness Hale noted that the reform would lead to children being heard more frequently in Hague cases than had hitherto happened.

Re M. (A Child) (Abduction: Child's Objections to Return) [2007] EWCA Civ 260, [2007] 2 FLR 72,  [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 901]

The Court of Appeal endorsed the suggestion by Baroness Hale that the requirement under the Brussels II a Regulation to ascertain the views of children of sufficient age of maturity was not restricted to intra-European Community cases of child abduction, but was a principle of universal application.

Article 11(3) of the Brussels II a Regulation requires Convention proceedings to be dealt with within 6 weeks.

Klentzeris v. Klentzeris [2007] EWCA Civ 533, [2007] 2 FLR 996, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 931]

Thorpe LJ held that this extended to appeal hearings and as such recommended that applications for permission to appeal should be made directly to the trial judge and that the normal 21 day period for lodging a notice of appeal should be restricted.

Article 11(4) of the Brussels II a Regulation provides that the return of a child cannot be refused under Article 13(1) b) of the Hague Convention if it is established that adequate arrangements have been made to secure the protection of the child after his return.

Cases in which reliance has been placed on Article 11(4) of the Brussels II a Regulation to make a return order include:

France
CA Bordeaux, 19 janvier 2007, No 06/002739 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/FR 947];

CA Paris 15 février 2007 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/FR 979].

The relevant protection was found not to exist, leading to a non-return order being made, in:

CA Aix-en-Provence, 30 novembre 2006, N° RG 06/03661 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/FR 717].

The most notable element of Article 11 is the new mechanism which is now applied where a non-return order is made on the basis of Article 13.  This allows the authorities in the State of the child's habitual residence to rule on whether the child should be sent back notwithstanding the non-return order.  If a subsequent return order is made under Article 11(7) of the Regulation, and is certified by the issuing judge, then it will be automatically enforceable in the State of refuge and all other EU-Member States.

Article 11(7) Brussels II a Regulation - Return Order Granted:

Re A. (Custody Decision after Maltese Non-return Order: Brussels II Revised) [2006] EWHC 3397 (Fam.), [2007] 1 FLR 1923 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 883]

Article 11(7) Brussels II a Regulation - Return Order Refused:

Re A. H.A. v. M.B. (Brussels II Revised: Article 11(7) Application) [2007] EWHC 2016 (Fam), [2008] 1 FLR 289, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 930].

The CJEU has ruled that a subsequent return order does not have to be a final order for custody:

Case C-211/10 PPU Povse v. Alpago, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/ 1328].

In this case it was further held that the enforcement of a return order cannot be refused as a result of a change of circumstances.  Such a change must be raised before the competent court in the Member State of origin.

Furthermore abducting parents may not seek to subvert the deterrent effect of Council Regulation 2201/2003 in seeking to obtain provisional measures to prevent the enforcement of a custody order aimed at securing the return of an abducted child:

Case C 403/09 PPU Detiček v. Sgueglia, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/ 1327].

For academic commentary on the new EU regime see:

P. McEleavy ‘The New Child Abduction Regime in the European Community: Symbiotic Relationship or Forced Partnership?' [2005] Journal of Private International Law 5 - 34.

European Court of Human Rights (ECrtHR) Judgments

Protection of Human rights & Fundamental Freedoms

Preparation of INCADAT commentary in progress.