HC/E/AT 1205
Cour européenne des droits de l’homme (CourEDH)
Italie
Autriche
18 June 2013
Susceptible de recours
Convention européenne des droits de l’homme (CEDH)
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Submission of the mother and daughter:
Mother and daughter submitted that the daughter's return to her father in Italy would cause her serious psychological harm and would constitute a gross violation of their right to respect for their family life (Article 8 of the ECHR). In this they noted that the daughter was now six years old, did not speak Italian and had not seen her father since mid 2009. They pointed out that from May 2008 to July 2009 both had resided in Austria with the approval of the Tribunale per i Minorenni di Venezia.
Mother and daughter sought to distinguish the present case from the Bosphorus Case (Bosphorus Hava Yollar? Turizm ve Ticaret Anonim ?irketi v. Ireland (GC), Application No 45036/98, ECHR 2005 VI), on the basis that there had not been "equivalent protection" of their fundamental rights by the CJEU. To accept that the Austrian courts did not have to carry out any scrutiny of whether the daughter's return to Italy would violate their right to respect for their family life, was to deprive them of any protection of their ECHR rights.
Submission of the Austrian Government:
The Government observed that under the Brussels IIa Regulation, the Austrian courts were not entitled to examine the merits of the return order to be enforced. They had no margin of appreciation in that respect. The CJEU's ruling of 1 July 2010 had made it clear that any examination of the merits of the return order, including the question whether a return would endanger the child's well-being, was the exclusive preserve of the courts of the State of origin, namely the Italian courts.
The Government reiterated that there was a presumption that a State which had merely complied with the legal obligations incumbent on it as a result of its membership in an international organisation had not violated its obligations under the ECHR if the protection of fundamental rights provided by the international organisation concerned was equivalent to that provided by the Convention.
The Austrian Government noted that the ECrtHR had previously found that the fundamental rights protection in EU law, with particular regard to the role of the CJEU, to be equivalent to the protection provided by the ECHR. It repeated that in the present case the CJEU, upon the request of the Oberster Gerichtshof for a preliminary ruling, had interpreted the Brussels IIa Regulation in such a way that the Austrian courts had been completely prevented from reviewing the return order issued by the Tribunale per i Minorenni di Venezia pursuant to Article 11(8) of the Brussels IIa Regulation.
Submission of the Italian Government:
The Italian Government, as a third-party intervener, clarified that whilst mother and daughter had failed to appeal against the Tribunale per i Minorenni di Venezia judgment of 23 November 2011, they still had the opportunity under Article 742 of the Italian Code of Civil Procedure to request a review of the return order, if there was any relevant change of circumstances. The Government contested the assertion that the daughter's return to Italy would lead to a permanent separation from her mother, and noted that no arrest warrant had been issued against the mother and she did not risk deprivation of liberty.
The Court's Assessment:
The Court noted that it was not in dispute that the Austrian courts' decisions ordering the enforcement of the Tribunale per i Minorenni di Venezia return orders interfered with the applicants' right to respect for their family life within the meaning of Article 8 of the ECHR.
As the decisions ordering the enforcement of the return orders were based on Article 42 of the Brussels IIa Regulation the interference was "in accordance with the law". Moreover, the interference, which was aimed at reuniting the daughter with her father, pursued one of the legitimate aims set out in Article 8(2), namely the protection of the rights of others. Furthermore, in the light of the Grand Chamber ruling in the Bosphorus Case, the Court added that "compliance with European Union law by a Contracting Party constitute[d] a legitimate general-interest objective".
Turning to whether the interference was necessary, the Court referred to the earlier decision in Michaud v. France, Application No 12323/11 as well as the key ruling in Bosphorus Hava Yollar? Turizm ve Ticaret Anonim ?irketi v. Ireland (GC), Application No 45036/98), ECHR 2005 VI.
The ECrtHR re-affirmed, in line with the Bosphorus Case, that Council of Europe Member States remained responsible under the ECHR for the measures taken to comply with their international legal obligations, even when those obligations stemmed from their membership of an international organisation to which they had transferred part of their sovereignty. However, where the international organisation provided equivalent protection for fundamental rights to that provided by the ECHR, there was a presumption that a State would not have departed from the requirements of the ECHR when it did no more than implement legal obligations flowing from its membership of that international organisation.
A State would though be fully responsible under the ECHR for all acts falling outside its strict international legal obligations, notably where it had exercised State discretion. In addition, the presumption of equivalent protection could be rebutted if, in the circumstances of a particular case, it was considered that the protection of ECHR rights was manifestly deficient.
Turning to the facts of the case, the Court reiterated, firstly, that it had already found that the protection of fundamental rights afforded by the European Union was in principle equivalent to that of the ECHR system as regards both the substantive guarantees offered and the mechanisms controlling their observance. Consequently, the presumption of ECHR compliance would apply provided the Austrian courts did no more than implement the legal obligations flowing from Austria's membership of the European Union, without exercising any discretion, when ordering the enforcement of the Tribunale per i Minorenni di Venezia return order of 23 November 2011.
Consideration therefore had to be given to whether there were any circumstances in the present case capable of rebutting the presumption of Convention compliance. The Court noted that the decisions ordering the enforcement of the Tribunale per i Minorenni di Venezia judgment were based on Article 42 of the Brussels IIa Regulation, which provides for the automatic enforceability of return orders made under Article 11(8) of the Regulation.
In this the Court noted that in a context like the present one, the European Union Member State court ordering the return of the abducted child had to have made an assessment of the question whether the return would entail a grave risk for the child.
Furthermore, the Court observed that the Oberster Gerichtshof had asked the CJEU for a preliminary ruling in the first set of proceedings concerning the enforcement of the Tribunale per i Minorenni di Venezia judgment of 10 July 2009. And the CJEU ruling of 1 July 2010 had made it clear that the courts of the requested State could not review the merits of the return order, nor could they refuse enforcement on the ground that the return would entail a grave risk for the child owing to a change in circumstances since the delivery of the certified judgment.
The Court therefore accepted that the Austrian courts could not and did not exercise any discretion in ordering the enforcement of the return orders. Austria had therefore done no more than fulfil the strict obligations flowing from its membership of the European Union.
The Court was not convinced by the argument of the mother and daughter that to accept that the Austrian courts must enforce the return order of 23 November 2011 without any scrutiny as to its merits, would deprive them of any protection of their Convention rights. The Court held that they could rely on their Convention rights before the Italian Courts.
The Court noted that they had thus far failed to do so, as they had not appealed against the judgment of 23 November 2011. Nor had they requested the competent Italian court to stay the enforcement of that return order. The Court further noted that it was still open to mother and daughter to raise the question of any changed circumstances in a request for review of the return order under Article 742 of the Italian Code of Civil Procedure. Finally the Court added that should any action before the Italian courts fail, mother and daughter would be in a position to lodge an application with the Court against Italy.
The Court concluded that the presumption that Austria, which had done no more than fulfil its obligations as an EU member State under the Brussels IIa Regulation, had complied with the ECHR, had not been rebutted. The application of the mother and daughter was therefore manifestly ill-founded and had to be rejected.
Author of the summary: Peter McEleavy
The father filed a complaint with the ECrtHR on 14 January 2013 that under Article 8 of the ECHR the Austrian courts had violated his right to respect for his family life in that they had failed to enforce the Italian court's judgments ordering the return of his daughter, see M.A. against Austria (Application No 4097/13), lodged on 14 January 2013 (http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/sites/eng/pages/search.aspx?i=001-122534).
The application of the 1980 Hague Convention within the Member States of the European Union (Denmark excepted) has been amended following the entry into force of Council Regulation (EC) No 2201/2003 of 27 November 2003 concerning jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in matrimonial matters and the matters of parental responsibility, repealing Regulation (EC) No 1347/2000, see:
Affaire C-195/08 PPU Rinau v. Rinau, [2008] ECR I 5271 [2008] 2 FLR 1495 [Référence INCADAT : HC/E/ 987];
Affaire C 403/09 PPU Detiček v. Sgueglia, [Référence INCADAT : HC/E/ 1327].
The Hague Convention remains the primary tool to combat child abductions within the European Union but its operation has been fine tuned.
An autonomous EU definition of ‘rights of custody' has been adopted: Article 2(9) of the Brussels II a Regulation, which is essentially the same as that found in Article 5 a) of the Hague Child Abduction Convention. There is equally an EU formula for determining the wrongfulness of a removal or retention: Article 2(11) of the Regulation. The latter embodies the key elements of Article 3 of the Convention, but adds an explanation as to the joint exercise of custody rights, an explanation which accords with international case law.
See: Case C-400/10 PPU J Mc.B. v. L.E, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/ 1104].
Of greater significance is Article 11 of the Brussels II a Regulation.
Article 11(2) of the Brussels II a Regulation requires that when applying Articles 12 and 13 of the 1980 Hague Convention that the child is given the opportunity to be heard during the proceedings, unless this appears inappropriate having regard to his age or degree of maturity.
This obligation has led to a realignment in judicial practice in England, see:
Re D. (A Child) (Abduction: Rights of Custody) [2006] UKHL 51, [2007] 1 A.C. 619 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 880] where Baroness Hale noted that the reform would lead to children being heard more frequently in Hague cases than had hitherto happened.
Re M. (A Child) (Abduction: Child's Objections to Return) [2007] EWCA Civ 260, [2007] 2 FLR 72, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 901]
The Court of Appeal endorsed the suggestion by Baroness Hale that the requirement under the Brussels II a Regulation to ascertain the views of children of sufficient age of maturity was not restricted to intra-European Community cases of child abduction, but was a principle of universal application.
Article 11(3) of the Brussels II a Regulation requires Convention proceedings to be dealt with within 6 weeks.
Klentzeris v. Klentzeris [2007] EWCA Civ 533, [2007] 2 FLR 996, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 931]
Thorpe LJ held that this extended to appeal hearings and as such recommended that applications for permission to appeal should be made directly to the trial judge and that the normal 21 day period for lodging a notice of appeal should be restricted.
Article 11(4) of the Brussels II a Regulation provides that the return of a child cannot be refused under Article 13(1) b) of the Hague Convention if it is established that adequate arrangements have been made to secure the protection of the child after his return.
Cases in which reliance has been placed on Article 11(4) of the Brussels II a Regulation to make a return order include:
France
CA Bordeaux, 19 janvier 2007, No 06/002739 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/FR 947];
CA Paris 15 février 2007 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/FR 979].
The relevant protection was found not to exist, leading to a non-return order being made, in:
CA Aix-en-Provence, 30 novembre 2006, N° RG 06/03661 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/FR 717].
The most notable element of Article 11 is the new mechanism which is now applied where a non-return order is made on the basis of Article 13. This allows the authorities in the State of the child's habitual residence to rule on whether the child should be sent back notwithstanding the non-return order. If a subsequent return order is made under Article 11(7) of the Regulation, and is certified by the issuing judge, then it will be automatically enforceable in the State of refuge and all other EU-Member States.
Article 11(7) Brussels II a Regulation - Return Order Granted:
Re A. (Custody Decision after Maltese Non-return Order: Brussels II Revised) [2006] EWHC 3397 (Fam.), [2007] 1 FLR 1923 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 883]
Article 11(7) Brussels II a Regulation - Return Order Refused:
Re A. H.A. v. M.B. (Brussels II Revised: Article 11(7) Application) [2007] EWHC 2016 (Fam), [2008] 1 FLR 289, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 930].
The CJEU has ruled that a subsequent return order does not have to be a final order for custody:
Case C-211/10 PPU Povse v. Alpago, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/ 1328].
In this case it was further held that the enforcement of a return order cannot be refused as a result of a change of circumstances. Such a change must be raised before the competent court in the Member State of origin.
Furthermore abducting parents may not seek to subvert the deterrent effect of Council Regulation 2201/2003 in seeking to obtain provisional measures to prevent the enforcement of a custody order aimed at securing the return of an abducted child:
Case C 403/09 PPU Detiček v. Sgueglia, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/ 1327].
For academic commentary on the new EU regime see:
P. McEleavy ‘The New Child Abduction Regime in the European Community: Symbiotic Relationship or Forced Partnership?' [2005] Journal of Private International Law 5 - 34.
Preparation of INCADAT commentary in progress.