CASO

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Nombre del caso

Cass Civ 1ère, 14 décembre 2005, No de RG 05-12934

Referencia INCADAT

HC/E/FR 889

Tribunal

País

Francia

Instancia

última instancia

Estados involucrados

Estado requirente

Alemania

Estado requerido

Francia

Fallo

INCADAT comentario

Excepciones a la restitución

Grave riesgo de daño
Jurisprudencia de Francia

SUMARIO

Sumario disponible en EN | FR

Facts

The application related to a girl born in 1996 who lived with her parents in Germany. Following the divorce of the parents in 2003 a German court approved an agreement entered into by the parents whereby they would share custody, with the child living with the mother and the father having contact once a week and every second weekend.

In June 2004 the mother relocated to France taking the girl with her, without the agreement of the father. On 20 January 2005 the court of appeal at Rouen held the removal to have been wrongful and ordered the immediate return of the child. The mother issued a legal challenge before the Cour de cassation.

Ruling

Challenge rejected and return order confirmed. The removal was wrongful and the court of appeal had correctly found the Article 13(1)(b) exception to be inapplicable.

Grounds

Rights of Custody - Art. 3

The mother argued that custody was not shared and that the father simply had a right of access. The Cour de cassation noted that the Cour d'appel had decided that the parents shared custody of the child and that the mother did not therefore have exclusive care of the child. The Cour d’appel was therefore correct in finding that the mother was not entitle to change unilaterally the habitual residence of the child, which was accepted as being in Germany. The removal was consequently wrongful.

Grave Risk - Art. 13(1)(b)

The mother further challenged the finding that the return would not expose the child to a grave risk of harm. In particular she questioned the interpretation the Cour d’appel had given to a doctor’s letter. The Cour de cassation recalled that the weight and credibility to be afforded to evidence was a matter to be determined independently by the Cour d’appel. It further added the letter had not been misunderstood since the court had itself reproduced the letter’s terms. Consequently the Cour de cassation rejected the mother’s argument.

INCADAT comment

French Case Law

The treatment of Article 13(1) b) by French courts has evolved, with a permissive approach being replaced by a more robust interpretation.

The judgments of France's highest jurisdiction, the Cour de cassation, from the mid to late 1990s, may be contrasted with more recent decisions of the same court and also with decisions of the court of appeal. See:

Cass. Civ. 1ère 12 juillet 1994, Rev. Crit. 84 (1995), p. 96 note H. Muir Watt ; JCP 1996 IV 64 note Bosse-Platière, Defrénois 1995, art. 36024, note J. Massip [INCADAT cite: HC/E/FR 103];

Cass. Civ. 1ère 21 novembre 1995 (Pourvoi N° 93-20140), [INCADAT cite: HC/E/FR 514];

Cass. Civ. 1ère 22 juin 1999, (N° de pourvoi : 98-17902), [INCADAT cite: HC/E/FR 498];

And contrast with:

Cass. Civ. 1ère 25 janvier 2005 (N° de pourvoi : 02-17411), [INCADAT cite: HC/E/FR 708];

Cass. Civ. 1ère 14 juin 2005 (N° de pourvoi : 04-16942), [INCADAT cite: HC/E/FR 844];

Cass. Civ 1ère 13 juillet 2005 (N° de pourvoi : 05-10519), [INCADAT cite: HC/E/FR 845];

CA. Amiens 4 mars 1998, n°5704759, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/FR 704];

CA. Grenoble 29 mars 2000 M. c. F., [INCADAT cite: HC/E/FR 274];

CA. Paris 7 février 2002 (N° de pourvoi : 2001/21768), [INCADAT cite: HC/E/FR 849];

CA. Paris, 20/09/2002 (N° de pourvoi : 2002/13730), [INCADAT cite: HC/E/FR 850];

CA. Aix en Provence 8 octobre 2002, L c. Ministère Public, Mme B. et Mesdemoiselles L. (N° de rôle 02/14917) [INCADAT cite: HC/E/FR 509];

CA. Paris 27 octobre 2005, 05/15032 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/FR 814];

Cass. Civ. 1ère 14 décembre 2005 (N° de pourvoi :05-12934) [INCADAT cite: HC/E/FR @889@];

Cass. Civ. 1ère 14 November 2006 (N° de pourvoi : 05-15692) [INCADAT cite: HC/E/FR @890@].

Recent examples where Article 13(1) b) has been upheld include:

Cass. Civ. 1ère 12 Décembre 2006 (N° de pourvoi : 05-22119) [INCADAT cite: HC/E/FR @891@];

Cass. Civ. 1ère 17 Octobre 2007 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/FR @946@]. 

The interpretation given by the Cour d'appel de Rouen in 2006, whilst obiter, does recall the more permissive approach to Article 13(1) b) favoured in the early 1990s, see:

CA. Rouen, 9 Mars 2006, N°05/04340 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/FR @897@].