CASO

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Nombre del caso

Police Commissioner of South Australia v. Castell (1997) FLC 92-752, [1997] FamCA 24, 21 Fam LR 643

Referencia INCADAT

HC/E/AU 211

Tribunal

País

Australia

Nombre

Full Court of the Family Court of Australia at Adelaide

Instancia

Tribunal de Apelaciones

Estados involucrados

Estado requirente

Reino Unido - Inglaterra y Gales

Estado requerido

Australia

Fallo

Fecha

16 May 1997

Estado

Definitiva

Fundamentos

Derechos de visita - art. 21 | Interpretación del Convenio

Fallo

-

Artículo(s) del Convenio considerados

4 7 21

Artículo(s) del Convenio invocados en la decisión

21

Otras disposiciones

-

Jurisprudencia | Casos referidos

-

INCADAT comentario

Objetivos y ámbito de aplicación del Convenio

Interpretación del Convenio
Conceptos autónomos
Informe Explicativo - Pérez-Vera

Derecho de visita/contacto

Protección de los derechos de visita
Protección de los Derechos de Visita

SUMARIO

Sumario disponible en EN | FR | ES

Facts

The application concerned six children. On 13 March 1993 the mother, with the consent of the father, took the four children then born to Australia. In July 1993 the mother gave birth to twins.

On 1 November 1993 the Family Court of Australia granted the mother sole custody of all six children. On 17 May 1994 the father applied to the Australian Central Authority for assistance in securing the return of the children. His application was refused on the ground that there had been no wrongful removal.

On 16 December 1996 the Family Court of Australia refused an application by the Australian Central Authority to secure access rights for the father.

The Central Authority appealed.

Ruling

Appeal dismissed; the Family Law Regulations, which give effect to rights arising under the Hague Convention, do not accord the Australian Central Authority with the power to apply for access rights to be created.

Grounds

Rights of Access - Art. 21

Regulation 25 of the Family Law Regulations, implementing the Hague Convention, only applies where access rights already exist in another Convention State, either by law, a judicial or administrative decision, or by agreement. Such an interpretation is consistent with the terms of Article 4, that the Convention only applies to children habitually resident in a Contracting State immediately before any breach of custody or access rights.

Interpretation of the Convention

Several aids to interpretation were employed by the court: the Pérez-Vera report, foreign case law and academic articles.

INCADAT comment

For an example of a case where the Family Court of Australia has secured access rights see: Director-General, Department of Families Youth & Community Care v. Reissner [1999] FamCA 1238, (1999) 25 Fam LR 330 [INCADAT Reference: HC/E/AU 278].

Autonomous Concepts

Preparation of INCADAT commentary in progress.

Pérez-Vera Report

Preparation of INCADAT commentary in progress.

Protection of Rights of Access

Article 21 has been subjected to varying interpretations.  Contracting States favouring a literal interpretation have ruled that the provision does not establish a basis of jurisdiction for courts to intervene in access matters and is focussed on procedural assistance from the relevant Central Authority.  Other Contracting States have allowed proceedings to be brought on the basis of Article 21 to give effect to existing access rights or even to create new access rights.

A literal interpretation of the provision has found favour in:

Austria
S. v. S., 25 May 1998, transcript (official translation), Regional civil court at Graz, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/AT 245];

Germany
2 UF 286/97, Oberlandesgericht Bamberg, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/DE 488];

United States of America
Bromley v. Bromley, 30 F. Supp. 2d 857, 860-61 (E.D. Pa. 1998). [INCADAT cite: HC/E/USf 223];

Teijeiro Fernandez v. Yeager, 121 F. Supp. 2d 1118, 1125 (W.D. Mich. 2000);

Janzik v. Schand, 22 November 2000, United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/USf 463];

Wiggill v. Janicki, 262 F. Supp. 2d 687, 689 (S.D.W. Va. 2003);

Yi Ly v. Heu, 296 F. Supp. 2d 1009, 1011 (D. Minn. 2003);

In re Application of Adams ex. rel. Naik v. Naik, 363 F. Supp. 2d 1025, 1030 (N.D. Ill. 2005);

Wiezel v. Wiezel-Tyrnauer, 388 F. Supp. 2d 206 (S.D.N.Y. 2005), [INCADAT cite: HC/E/USf 828];

Cantor v. Cohen, 442 F.3d 196 (4th Cir. 2006), [INCADAT cite: HC/E/USf 827]. 

In Cantor, the only US appellate decision on Article 21, there was a dissenting judgment which found that the US implementing act did provide a jurisdictional basis for federal courts to hear an application with regard to an existing access right.

United Kingdom - England & Wales
In Re G. (A Minor) (Enforcement of Access Abroad) [1993] Fam 216 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKs 110].

More recently however the English Court of Appeal has suggested that it might be prepared to consider a more permissive interpretation:

Hunter v. Murrow [2005] [2005] 2 F.L.R. 1119, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 809].

Baroness Hale has recommended the elaboration of a procedure whereby the facilitation of rights of access in the United Kingdom under Article 21 could be contemplated at the same time as the return of the child under Article 12:

Re D. (A Child) (Abduction: Rights of Custody) [2006] UKHL 51[INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 880].

Switzerland
Arrondissement judiciaire I Courterlary-Moutier-La Neuveville (Suisse) 11 October 1999, N° C 99 4313 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/CH 454].                        

A more permissive interpretation of Article 21 has indeed been adopted elsewhere, see:

United Kingdom - Scotland
Donofrio v. Burrell, 2000 S.L.T. 1051 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKs 349].

Wider still is the interpretation adopted in New Zealand, see:

Gumbrell v. Jones [2001] NZFLR 593 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/NZ 446].

Australia
The position in Australia has evolved in the light of statutory reforms.

Initially a State Central Authority could only apply for an order that was ‘necessary or appropriate to organise or secure the effective exercise of rights of access to a child in Australia', see:

Director-General, Department of Families Youth & Community Care v. Reissner [1999] FamCA 1238, (1999) 25 Fam LR 330, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/AU 278].

Subsequently it acquired the power to initiate proceedings to establish access rights:

State Central Authority & Peddar [2008] FamCA 519, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/AU 1107];

State Central Authority & Quang [2009] FamCA 1038, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/AU 1106].