HC/E/US 1238
Estados Unidos de América - Competencia Federal
Tribunal de Apelaciones
Bélgica
Estados Unidos de América
30 October 2013
Definitiva
Grave riesgo - art. 13(1)(b) | Cuestiones procesales
Apelación desestimada, restitución ordenada
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The Court of Appeals held that the strict demand of the grave risk of harm exception was not met by a letter from a psychologist (who was unavailable to testify) that pointed to instances of uncertain frequence or severity, reported by an eight and six year old, of what may or may not have amounted to child abuse, and which recommended further investigation.
Conduct of Trial:
In his appeal the father claimed that there had been a denial of due process based on the District Court's refusal to provide him an evidentiary hearing.
The Court of Appeals noted that the District Court had never stated it would hold an evidentiary hearing, and that the father had never suggested due process required an evidentiary hearing. Rather, the father had claimed only that the evidence before the court was sufficient to warrant further inquiry.
The Court of Appeals affirmed that District Courts had a substantial degree of discretion in determining the procedures necessary to resolve a petition filed pursuant to the Convention and the International Child Abduction Remedies Act (ICARA), 42 U.S.C. §§ 11601-611. Specifically, neither the Convention nor ICARA, nor any other law, including the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment of the US Constitution, required that discovery be allowed or that an evidentiary hearing be conducted as a matter of right in cases arising under the Convention.
Where circumstances warranted, both the Convention and ICARA provided District Courts with the authority to resolve cases without resorting to a plenary evidentiary hearing. The Court of Appeals noted moreover that ICARA required that wrongfully removed or retained children were to be promptly returned unless one of the narrow exceptions set forth in the Convention applied.
The father claimed he had been denied due process because the District Court provided him no opportunity to challenge its finding that Belgium was the "habitual residence" of the children. The Court of Appeals noted however that at the preliminary hearing, the father never challenged any element of the mother's prima facie case, rather he denied only that the children were wrongfully removed or retained from that residence based on his own allegations of child abuse pursuant to Article 13(1)(b).
The Court of Appeals noted that without a psychologist willing to testify, the father appeared to have little, if any, evidence to present at an evidentiary hearing beyond what he had already presented to the District Court. It held that what he really wanted was more time to investigate to determine if there had been abuse, and, if so, what kind, how serious, and whether it justified retention.
The Court of Appeals stated that the father's actions appeared to be a "fishing expedition" which would sabotage the underlying premise of the Convention, i.e., that wrongfully removed or retained children be promptly returned to their country of habitual residence.
The Court of Appeals held that the District Court did not err in ordering the return of the children to Belgium based upon the pleadings as elucidated by the parties' arguments at the preliminary hearing. The father had received a meaningful opportunity to be heard. That was all due process required in the context of a Hague Convention petition.
Costs:
The Court of Appeals rejected the father's challenge that the District Court had erred in awarding the mother the fees, costs, and expenses associated with her petition. It held that a court ordering the return of a child "generally must require" the respondent to pay the fees, costs, and expenses associated with the return.
The mother was not awarded her fees and costs on appeal. Referring to ICARA's fee statute, 42 U.S.C. § 11607(b)(3), which states that "a court ordering the return of a child [...] shall order the respondent to pay" a petitioner's fee, costs, and expenses, the Court of Appeals questioned whether it was a court ordering the return of a child. The Court noted that the mother had not provided an answer to that question.
Author of the summary: Peter McEleavy
Preparation of INCADAT commentary in progress.
To ensure that Convention cases are dealt with expeditiously, as is required by the Convention, courts in a number of jurisdictions have restricted the use of oral evidence, see:
Australia
Gazi v. Gazi (1993) FLC 92-341, 16 Fam LR 18; [INCADAT cite: HC/E/AU 277]
It should be noted however that more recently Australia's supreme jurisdiction, the High Court, has cautioned against the ‘inadequate, albeit prompt, disposition of return applications', rather a ‘thorough examination on adequate evidence of the issues' was required, see:
M.W. v. Director-General, Department of Community Services [2008] HCA 12, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/AU 988].
Canada
Katsigiannis v. Kottick-Katsigianni (2001), 55 O.R. (3d) 456 (C.A.); [INCADAT cite: HC/E/CA 758].
The Court of Appeal for Ontario held that if credibility was a serious issue, courts should consider hearing viva voce evidence of witnesses whose credibility is in issue.
China - Hong Kong
S. v. S. [1998] 2 HKC 316; [INCADAT cite: HC/E/HK 234];
United Kingdom - England & Wales
Re F. (A Minor) (Child Abduction) [1992] 1 FLR 548; [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 40];
Re W. (Abduction: Procedure) [1995] 1 FLR 878; [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 37].
In the above case it was accepted that a situation where oral evidence should be allowed was where the affidavit evidence was in direct conflict.
Re W. (Abduction: Domestic Violence) [2004] EWCA Civ 1366, [2005] 1 FLR 727; [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 771]
In the above case the Court of Appeal ruled that a trial judge could consider of his own motion to allow oral evidence where he conceived that oral evidence might be determinative of the case.
However, to warrant oral exploration of written evidence as to the existence of a grave risk of harm which was only embryonic on the written material, a judge must be satisfied that there was a realistic possibility that oral evidence would establish an Article 13(1) b) case.
Re F. (Abduction: Child's Wishes) [2007] EWCA Civ 468, [2007] 2 FLR 697; [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 906]
Here the Court of Appeal affirmed that where the exception of acquiescence was alleged oral evidence was more commonly allowed because of the necessity to ascertain the applicant's subjective state of mind, as well as his communications in response to knowledge of the removal or retention.
Finland
Supreme Court of Finland: KKO:2004:76; [INCADAT cite: HC/E/FI 839].
Ireland
In the Matter of M. N. (A Child) [2008] IEHC 382; [INCADAT cite: HC/E/IE 992].
The trial judge noted that applications were heard on affidavit evidence only, except where the Court, in exceptional circumstances, directed or permitted oral evidence.
New Zealand
Secretary for Justice v. Abrahams, ex parte Brown; [INCADAT cite: HC/E/NZ 492];
Hall v. Hibbs [1995] NZFLR 762; [INCADAT cite: HC/E/NZ 248];
South Africa
Pennello v. Pennello [2003] 1 All SA 716; [INCADAT cite: HC/E/ZA 497];
Central Authority v. H. 2008 (1) SA 49 (SCA); [INCADAT cite: HC/E/ZA 900].
In the above case the Supreme Court of Appeal noted that even where the parties had not requested that oral evidence be admitted, it might be required where a finding on the issue of consent could not otherwise be reached.
United States of America
Ferraris v. Alexander, 125 Cal. App. 4th 1417 (Cal. App. 3d. Dist., 2005); [INCADAT cite: HC/E/USs 797]
The father argued that the trial court denied him a fair hearing because it determined disputed issues of fact without hearing oral evidence from the parties.
The Court of Appeal rejected this submission noting that nothing in the Hague Convention entitled the father to an evidentiary hearing with sworn witness testimony. Moreover, it noted that under California law declarations could be used in place of witness testimony in various situations.
The Court further ruled that the father could not question the propriety of the procedure used with regard to evidence on appeal because he did not object to the use of affidavits in evidence at trial.
For a consideration of the use of oral evidence in Convention proceedings see: Beaumont P.R. and McEleavy P.E. 'The Hague Convention on International Child Abduction' OUP, Oxford, 1999 at p. 257 et seq.
Under the rules applicable within the European Union for intra-EU abductions (Council Regulation (EC) No 2201/2003 (Brussels II a)) Convention applications are now subject to additional provisions, including the requirement that an applicant be heard before a non-return order is made [Article 11(5) Brussels II a Regulation], and, that the child be heard ‘during the proceedings unless this appears inappropriate having regard to his or her age or degree of maturity' [Article 11(2) Brussels II a Regulation].
Preparation of INCADAT commentary in progress.