HC/E/UKs 1345
Royaume-Uni - Écosse
United Kingdom Supreme Court (Cour suprême du Royaume-Uni)
Instance Suprême
Lady Hale (Vice-Présidente), Lord Clarke, Lord Wilson, Lord Reed, Lord Hughes
France
Royaume-Uni - Écosse
22 May 2015
Définitif
Résidence habituelle - art. 3
Recours rejeté, demande rejetée
Child Abduction and Custody Act 1985
A v A and another (Children: Habitual Residence) (Reunite International Child Abduction Centre and others intervening) [2013] UKSC 60, [2014] AC 1 [INCADAT Reference: HC/E/UKe 1233] ; In re L (A Child) (Custody: Habitual Residence) (Reunite International Child Abduction Centre intervening) [2013] UKSC 75, [2014] AC 1017 [INCADAT Reference: HC/E/UKe 1237] ; In re LC (Children) (Reunite International Child Abduction Centre intervening) [2014] UKSC 1, [2014] AC 1038, [INCADAT Reference: HC/E/UKe 1256] ; A. (C-523/07) [INCADAT Reference: HC/E/ 1000]; Mercredi v. Chaffe (C-497/10PPU) [INCADAT Reference: HC/E/ 1044]; C v. M (C-376/14 PPU) [INCADAT Reference: HC/E/ 1299].
Deux enfants de trois ans et de moins d’un an retenus de manière prétendument illicite – Parents non mariés – père français – mère anglaise et canadienne – enfants résidant en France jusqu’en juillet 2013 – procédure de retour engagée en novembre 2013 – demande rejetée – principale question : résidence habituelle – la décision conjointe des parents aux fins du déménagement temporaire des enfants dans un autre État ne les empêche pas de devenir résidents habituels de cet État
The case concerned two girls born in France in August 2010 and June 2013. The appellant father, a French national, and defendant mother, a British and Canadian national, were not married. The family lived in France until July 2013, when the mother moved to Scotland with the children. Both parties submitted that they had agreed that the mother and children would remain in Scotland for one year. They expressed different views, however, about their agreement on what would happen after the termination of this one-year period: the father asserted that the mother and children would return to France, while the mother asserted that the whole family would assume residence in another country.
Once in Scotland, the mother and children initially lived with the mother’s parents, and later moved into a rented house that the mother and father selected together. The family home in France was sold in August 2013, which is also when the oldest child began attending nursery school in Scotland. The children and father visited each other regularly.
In November 2013, the mother told the father that she wished to end their relationship, after discovering his infidelity. She sought a residence order in Scotland in respect of the children. The father filed for a return order under the Child Abduction and Custody Act 1985—the incorporating legislation of the 1980 Hague Child Abduction Convention—on the basis that the initiation of the mother’s proceedings amounted to wrongful retention under the Convention.
At first instance, the Outer House of the Court of Session held that the children had been habitually resident in France immediately before the alleged wrongful retention. This decision was overturned by the Extra Division of the Inner House of the Court of Session.
The appeal was dismissed. The Extra Division had not erred in its finding that the children were habitually resident in Scotland at the time of the alleged wrongful retention.
Drawing principally on its statements from A v A [INCADAT Reference: HC/E/UKe 1233], the Court summarised the factors that must be taken into account in determining the habitual residence of the child. It noted that its guidance was consistent with that of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU).
The Court relied on the CJEU’s definition of “habitual residence” as “[corresponding] to the place which reflects some degree of integration by the child in a social and family environment”. In establishing habitual residence, factors relating to the duration, regularity, conditions and reasons for the stay / move to another State, as well as the school attendance, languages, nationality and family and social relationships of the child should be considered. This must always be a factual determination, made on a case-by-case basis. The Court added that it was necessary to consider the primary carer’s integration in his or her social and family environment, in cases in which the child is an infant. In such cases the child is dependent on that parent and will thus share the environment in which that person has integrated.
The Court quoted passages from Mercredi v. Chaffe (C-497/10PPU) [INCADAT Reference: HC/E/ 1044] “which appeared to import a requirement of permanence for residence to be habitual”, but noted that the French version of the judgment consistently referred to “stabilité” instead of “permanence”. The Court concluded that “[i]t is therefore the stability of the residence that is important, not whether it is of a permanent character”. Thus, in order for a child to be habitually resident in a given State, the parent(s) do not necessarily need to have intended to remain there permanently. The intentions of the parents are only one of many factual considerations that require evaluation in every individual case.
The judge had not applied the proper guidance for determining habitual residence at first instance in this case, as he had based his decision entirely on whether the parents had made a joint decision to move permanently to Scotland. The Court found that there is no rule that one parent cannot unilaterally change the habitual residence of a child. The stability of the mother and children’s lives in Scotland, and their integration in its social and family environment, were more important for the finding of habitual residence than any intention of the mother or both parents to reside there permanently. The children’s lives indeed had the necessary quality of stability for a proper finding that they were habitually resident in Scotland.