CASE

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Case Name

5P.354/2004 /rov, Bundesgericht, II Zivilabteilung (Tribunal Fédéral, 2ème Chambre Civile)

INCADAT reference

HC/E/CH 793

Court

Country

SWITZERLAND

Name

Bundesgericht, II. Zivilabteilung

Level

Superior Appellate Court

States involved

Requesting State

ITALY

Requested State

SWITZERLAND

Decision

Date

15 October 2004

Status

Final

Grounds

Grave Risk - Art. 13(1)(b) | Objections of the Child to a Return - Art. 13(2) | Issues Relating to Return

Order

Appeal dismissed, return ordered

HC article(s) Considered

13(1)(b) 13(2)

HC article(s) Relied Upon

13(1)(b)

Other provisions

-

Authorities | Cases referred to

-

Published in

-

INCADAT comment

Exceptions to Return

General Issues
Limited Nature of the Exceptions

SUMMARY

Summary available in EN | FR

Facts

The application related to a child born in 1999. The parents were married and the family lived in Italy. In June 2002 the mother took the child to Switzerland and refused to return. The father issued return proceedings and after a series of judgments the mother finally returned to Italy with the child.

In December 2003 the mother again took the child to Switzerland. On 12 July 2004 the cour d'appel at Lucerne ordered the mother to return the child before 31 July. The mother then issued a legal challenge before the Tribunal fédéral.

Ruling

Legal challenge rejected; the removal was wrongful and none of the exceptions was applicable.

Grounds

Grave Risk - Art. 13(1)(b)

The tribunal fédéral noted that in the context of a public law challenge based on the violation of a convention its role was limited to verifying that the lower court had not made an arbitrary appreciation of the facts. Moreover, it was not entitled to consider new facts and circumstances. The Court then questioned whether Article 13(1)(b) was applicable as the mother claimed. It noted that this provision required a strict interpretation and an abductor was not to be allowed to take advantage of their wrongful actions. Furthermore the aim of the proceedings was not to determine with which parent the child would be better off - this was an issue for the courts in the State of the child's habitual residence. Only serious risks were encompassed within the exception, such as the strong possibility that the child would be harmed on his return by the applicant parent or a third party and in circumstances where the local authorities would be unable to protect the child fully. In this regard the mother claimed that the cour d'appel had only considered the father child relationship. The tribunal fédéral noted that the cour d'appel had considered the father-son relationship but explained first that this had been a response to the judgment of the trial court which had refused to make a return order on the basis that the mother child relationship was closer. In addition the cour d’appel had considered other issues. The mother further alleged that the cour d'appel had acted arbitrarily in its evaluation of certain facts. With regard to accommodation in Italy the tribunal federal held that the poor state of the residence and its alleged location in a red light district were irrelevant since the mother had found an alternative place to stay. There was no evidence of an arbitrary decision having been reached on this basis. The mother also claimed that the father did not care for the child properly. She sought to prove this on the basis of witness testimony and through a video. The cour d'appel had not accepted the testimony since it came from relatives who had not personally witnessed the father son relationship. The nightmares suffered by the child and his strange behaviour in the father's presence were not determinative either, it being commonly acknowledged that in cases of parental conflict such pyschosomatic reactions could be experienced by children. The mother criticised this finding but adduced no evidence that the reasoning of the court had been arbitrary. The mother also challenged the cour d'appel's evaluation of the video in which the child stated that he did not wish to return to Italy. But again she did not show how the lower court had acted arbitrarily. The court had found that the child did not wish to move again, but he did not express a view on the allegedly unbearable nature of life in Italy. The tribunal fédéral concluded that there was no evidence of a grave risk.

Objections of the Child to a Return - Art. 13(2)

The tribunal fédéral noted that the mother had not established the proof of the applicability of Article 13(2) in respect of the child who was then aged 4. It was for the parties, and in particular the mother, to take the necassary steps to help the child overcome the fear he had in returning to Italy.

Issues Relating to Return

The mother claimed that the decision ordering the return of the child into the care of the father was a mis-application of the Convention, which simply provided for a return to the State of habitual residence. The tribunal fédéral acknowledged that a return under the Convention did not necessarily encompass a return into the care of the applicant parent. Drawing attention to Article 19 the Court noted that the aim of the Convention was to restore the status quo ante. However in the present case the Italian authorities had at the moment of the abduction awarded the father custody of the child. Therefore returning the child into the care of the father was simply a re-establishment of the situation which woud have existed prior to the abduction. The Court noted however that the mother could seek to challenge this situation in the Italian courts.

INCADAT comment

The mother continued her legal challenges and the case returned to the Tribunal fédéral in 2006. A summary of this decision may be found at [INCADAT Reference: HC/E/CH 840]. The father successfully petitioned the ECrtHR which held that Switzerland had breached Article 8 of the ECHR in failing to take adequate measures to give effect to the aims and objectives of the 1980 Hague Convention in the eight months following the abduction. The Court also made an award of compensation to the father under Article 41 of the ECHR: Bianchi v Switzerland, Application No. 7548/04, 22 June 2006 [INCADAT Reference: HC/E/ 869].

Limited Nature of the Exceptions

Preparation of INCADAT case law analysis in progress.