HC/E/SV 1422
El Salvador
Cámara especializada de la niñez y adolescencia
Tribunal de Apelaciones
Licda. Sonia Dinora Barillas de Segovia; Lic. Alex David Marroquín Martínez
Estados Unidos de América
El Salvador
10 September 2019
Definitiva
Derechos de custodia - art. 3 | Consentimiento - art. 13(1)(a) | Cuestiones procesales
Apelación desestimada, restitución ordenada
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The parents got married in 2005 in California, United States of America. The couple had two children: a boy in 2008, and a girl in 2010. In 2005, the mother was diagnosed with a malignant brain tumor and had difficulties regarding the care of her children. In April 2010, the parents decided to grant an authorisation so the boy could move to Santa Ana, El Salvador, with his maternal grandmother and the father could devote himself fully to take care of the mother. After the girl was born, the mother's condition deteriorated and, in July of the same year, the parents decided to grant an authorisation so the girl could also move to El Salvador with her brother and maternal family.
At the end of 2010, the mother travelled to El Salvador and passed away in March 2012. The father learnt about this the day following her death. He tried to communicate with the mother's family, but he was unable to do so. Thus, he filed a lawsuit before the Salvadoran embassy located in Washington D.C. He later contacted the US embassy in El Salvador, which took measures so that the maternal family would return the children to him.
Since the maternal family refused to return the children, the father travelled to El Salvador, went to the maternal family's flat, but was unable to take the children with him. As a consequence, he brought all administrative and legal proceedings which were necessary to recover them. Finally, at the beginning of August, he filed a petition for return.
In August 2012, the Court with jurisdiction over minors (Juzgado Especializado en la Niñez y Adolescencia) in Santa Ana ordered the immediate return of the children. It held that the children were wrongfully retained by the maternal grandmother and aunt. The grandmother and aunt appealed the decision on the basis of lis pendes since a lawsuit was filed in July 2012 before the Court with jurisdiction over family matters (Juzgado de Familia) in Santa Ana over the loss of parental authority. Moreover, they stated that granting the return would not guarantee the regular course of the proceedings. They also argued that the father was not fit to exercise the duties of a parent and that he had not been granted legal custody of the children and, finally, that the father had completely abandoned the children.
Appeal refused; return allowed. It was settled that the retention was wrongful.
The grandmother of the children stated that it had never been duly proved that the father had the legal custody of the children. She claimed the existence of a written consent signed by her daughter before a notary public, which authorised the grandmother and aunt to take care of the children. In this proceeding, the father proved that he had authorised the children to leave the United States of America within the context of his wife's illness in order to devote himself to her care.
The Court held that Article 3 states the first rule to establish the existence of a right of custody: as a general rule, the father and the mother of a child are automatically attributed parental responsibility by operation of law. Then, all administrative and judicial laws of each State can be taken into consideration.
The father had custody rights by operation of law. Consequently, he did not need an administrative or judicial decision recognizing his rigths.
The Court also held that grandparents and the rest of family Members have contact rights, according to the El Salvador laws and as a general rule; and their possibility of having custody rights is exceptional. Consequently, the pretended custody rights argued by the grandmother and rest of the mother's family are not in accordance with the Family Code of El Salvador.
The Court of Appeal highlighted that written consent did not mean the release from parental responsibility for the mother and father under any circumstances. It held that such delegation should be considered temporary, taking into consideration the urgency of the circumstances.
One of the arguments stated by the grandmother and aunt against the judgment of the Court with jurisdiction over minors focused on non-compliance with Article 8, paragraph 3, e) and f), by virtue of which the existence of the father’s right of custody did not appear to be demonstrated. In response to these arguments, the Court of Appeal analysed the nature of the sections of this paragraph and held that, up to section d), the rule was structured as a mandatory provision with a view to identifying the children and their location. The rest of the sections (sections e) to g) ) were conceived as optional requirements, so the applicant was able to decide whether or not to include the documents set forth in such paragraphs at their own discretion.
It was further contended tby the mother that the decision of the first instance court in ordering the return of the child did not guarantee the regular course of the proceeding regarding the case she had initiated against the father for the loss of parental authority (filed before the First Instance Court with jurisdiction over family matters (Juzgado Segundo de Familia) in Santa Ana). The judgment of the Court of Appeal set aside the extension of the interim custody measure which had been ordered by the First Instance Court. The Court applied Article 16 of the Convention which sets forth the preferential application of the Convention over the initiation of any other proceedings where a decision on the custody of a child involved in a return proceeding could be entered. It was held that this rule binds judges to unofficially suspend the proceedings until all matters relating to the return have been decided upon.
The proceedings lasted a little over a month since the return petition was filed until the return was ordered by the Court of Appeals.