CASO

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Nombre del caso

G., G. - Restitución Internacional de Menores de 16 Años, Nº de Expediente 0002-019994/2015

Referencia INCADAT

HC/E/UY 1351

Tribunal

País

Uruguay

Nombre

Tribunal de Apelaciones de Familia de 1er. Turno.

Instancia

Tribunal de Apelaciones

Juez(ces)

María Lilián Bendahan, María del Carmen Díaz Sierra y Gerardo Peduzzi Duhau

Estados involucrados

Estado requirente

Argentina

Estado requerido

Uruguay

Fallo

Fecha

19 February 2016

Estado

Definitiva

Fundamentos

Derechos de custodia - art. 3 | Grave riesgo - art. 13(1)(b) | Cuestiones procesales

Fallo

Apelación concedida, restitución ordenada

Artículo(s) del Convenio considerados

3 13(1)(b)

Artículo(s) del Convenio invocados en la decisión

3 13(1)(b)

Otras disposiciones

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Jurisprudencia | Casos referidos

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Publicado en

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SUMARIO

Sumario disponible en EN | FR | ES

Facts

The case concerned a child born in March 2011 in Buenos Aires, Argentina. The child lived there for an uninterrupted period in a house rented by his paternal grandmother. He was three years old at the time of the removal.

The mother initiated maintenance proceedings against the father. In turn, the father sought the advice of the local mediation authority with the intention to acknowledge parentage. On 13 November 2014, the father acknowledged his paternity in respect of the child.

In December 2014, the childminder told the father that the child had travelled to Uruguay with the mother.

The mother knew about the father’s acknowledgement of parentage but did not report it to the National Migration Office of Argentina on the day of trip. In the original birth certificate used for the trip, the child did not have his father’s surname.

The father initiated criminal abduction proceedings. However, the charges against the mother were dismissed.

On 13 May 2015, the father's international return application was sent by the Argentine Central Authority to the Uruguayan Central Authority.

On 18 September 2015, the father’s return application was rejected by the court of first instance in Uruguay. The ombudsman consequently appealed the decision.

Ruling

Appeal allowed and return ordered. The removal and retention of the child in Uruguay was considered wrongful.

Grounds

Rights of Custody - Art. 3

The Court considered that the removal of the child to Uruguay without the father’s consent and the fact that the father exercised parental authority were not in doubt. It noted that his parental authority was a legal concept independent of the facts of the relatively short period of time during which the right was exercised and the impossibility of exercising it, due to the removal of the child shortly after the father acknowledged his paternity.

The Court cited paragraphs 72-74 of the Explanatory Report of the 1980 Hague Child Abduction Convention by Professor Perez Vera, which state that it is essential that the rights of custody which are claimed to have been breached were actually exercised by the holder. According to the Report, the person requesting return is only required to produce preliminary evidence that he or she effectively exercised care of the child in the return application submitted to the Central Authority.

As for the exercise of parental authority, understood as the rights and duties of the parents to care for their children, the court held that its examination was a matter to be decided by the court of the State of habitual residence.

Furthermore, the mother had stated that she had not hindered contact between the child and his father or the father’s family. The court also considered the attachment of the child to the father, which was evident from the photographic material he presented in response to the argument of ineffective exercise of custody rights and the report submitted by the Forensic Medical Institute. Taking this into account, the Court found that the mother’s allegations of ineffective exercise of rights of custody should be rejected, and the father’s claims were successful.

Grave Risk - Art. 13(1)(b)

The Court noted that the best interests of the child principle is supported by the 1980 Hague Convention and its objects, notwithstanding that the Convention predates the 1989 UN Convention on the Rights of the Child.

The Court found that the Article 13(1)(b) grave risk exception is rooted in the recognition of the inherent dignity and inalienable rights of all members of the family, as well as in the necessary special regard for the rights of the child in view of their vulnerability. The concept of an “intolerable situation” in Article 13(1)(b) was held to cover instances of family violence.

The court noted that interpreting these concepts improperly could lead judges to disregard the aims of the Convention by adjudicating the parental conflict, or denying return for lack of evidence. Therefore, it considered that the application and admissibility of the grave risk exception should be restrictive.

The facts invoked by the mother as (economic) reasons for not returning to Argentina—of having gotten a job and house in Uruguay, or fear of the legal consequences of the abduction of the child upon return—were held to be of the kind that Professor Perez Vera dismisses in her Explanatory Report; they did not amount to grounds for applying the exception to ordering return. Furthermore, the court noted that no abduction proceedings against her were pending in Argentina. The Court considered the father’s addictions and underlined that he was undergoing treatment.

It transpired from witness evidence that the child was not medically insured and did not attend a recreational centre or pre-school, and it was equally noted that the report of the Forensic Medical Institute stated that he was fond of both parents and behaved satisfactorily in the presence of his father. Considering the grave risk arguments raised by the mother, notably the alleged intolerable situation and the economic reasons for non-return, the Court concluded that these were insufficient to trigger the exception, and that return of the child to his State of habitual residence should be ordered.

Procedural Matters

The father submitted an application for return to the Argentine Central Authority five months after the removal. Eight days after the Argentine Central Authority transmitted the application to the Uruguayan Central Authority, return was ordered under Uruguayan Law No. 18.895, which provides that a return order is generally made at the outset of the proceedings. Thereafter, the parties have the opportunity within a limited period of time to raise the argument that one of the exceptions to return applies, and to substantiate this claim in accordance with the guidelines set forth in the Model Law on Procedure for the Application of the Conventions on Child Abduction.

The proceedings lasted a total of nine months starting from the filing of the application for the return of the child.

Authors: Prof. Nieve Rubaja and Antonela Rojas