CASE

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Case Name

A. v. A. (Children) (Abduction: acquiescence) [2003] EWHC 3102 (FAM)

INCADAT reference

HC/E/UKe 540

Court

Country

UNITED KINGDOM - ENGLAND AND WALES

Name

High Court

Level

First Instance

Judge(s)
Sumner J.

States involved

Requesting State

PORTUGAL

Requested State

UNITED KINGDOM - ENGLAND AND WALES

Decision

Date

16 December 2003

Status

Final

Grounds

Acquiescence - Art. 13(1)(a)

Order

Return ordered

HC article(s) Considered

13(1)(a)

HC article(s) Relied Upon

13(1)(a)

Other provisions

-

Authorities | Cases referred to
Re H. (Abduction: Acquiescence) (1997) 1 FLR 872; P. v. P. (Abduction: Acquiescence) (1998) 2 FLR 835; Re H.B. (Abduction: Children's Objections) (1997) 1 FLR 399.

INCADAT comment

Exceptions to Return

Acquiescence
Acquiescence

SUMMARY

Summary available in EN | FR | ES

Facts

The children, a boy and a girl, were aged 13 and 9 at the date of the alleged wrongful retention. They had spent their entire lives in Portugal. The parents separated in 1997. The three youngest children remained with the father.

In late 2002 the mother moved to England. In March 2003 the mother asked the father to let the eldest of the three children join her in England. The father agreed.

In August 2003 the parents agreed that the two other children would come to England to spend the summer holiday with their mother. Subsequently, when the children had arrived, the mother and a friend of hers in Portugal tried to persuade the father to agree that the two youngest children should remain in England.

The father consented at the end of August, agreeing also to send the children's clothes. On 6 October the father contacted the Portuguese Central Authority. The father's return application was issued in the High Court on 30 October.

Ruling

Return ordered; the father had not acquiesced in the retention of the children.

Grounds

Acquiescence - Art. 13(1)(a)

It was the father's case that his agreement was a pretence for he feared that if he did not consent the mother would move the children to another address. His counsel stated that the issue was what the father acquiesced to and to what extent the mother changed her position on the basis of his promise. The trial judge stated that he had reservations as to the formulation of the second question. He noted that this was not a case of estoppel. He added that even if the mother had done nothing further, where there were clear and unequivocal action or words that led her to believe he was not asserting or going to assert his right to summary return of the children that might well be sufficient to establish acquiescence. It was argued for the mother that this was not an agony of the moment decision by the father and that this was not a case where the mother was in hiding for she voluntarily contacted the police when she became aware that she was being sought. Moreover the father had mobile phone numbers for the mother. The father, who had previously agreed to a child relocating in the Spring had on this ocassion changed his mind. The trial judge found for the father. He stated: "He is not to be condemned for resorting to a pretence in the hope that his children would not disappear. But where he acts in this way it is not acquiescence provided he moves reasonably quickly to make clear his true intentions, which is to secure the return of the children." The trial judge further added that even if had found there to be acquiescence he would have exerecised his discretion to make a return order, for these were Portuguese children of Portuguese parents and they had no connection to England.

INCADAT comment

Acquiescence

There has been general acceptance that where the exception of acquiescence is concerned regard must be paid in the first instance to the subjective intentions of the left behind parent, see:

Australia
Commissioner, Western Australia Police v. Dormann, JP (1997) FLC 92-766 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/AU 213];

Barry Eldon Matthews (Commissioner, Western Australia Police Service) v. Ziba Sabaghian PT 1767 of 2001 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/AU 345];

Austria
5Ob17/08y, Oberster Gerichtshof, (Austrian Supreme Court) 1/4/2008 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/AT 981].

Considering the issue for the first time, Austria's supreme court held that acquiescence in a temporary state of affairs would not suffice for the purposes of Article 13(1) a), rather there had to be acquiescence in a durable change in habitual residence.

Belgium
N° de rôle: 02/7742/A, Tribunal de première instance de Bruxelles 6/3/2003, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/BE 545];

Canada
Ibrahim v. Girgis, 2008 ONCA 23, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/CA 851];

United Kingdom - England & Wales
Re H. and Others (Minors) (Abduction: Acquiescence) [1998] AC 72 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 46];

In this case the House of Lords affirmed that acquiescence was not to be found in passing remarks or letters written by a parent who has recently suffered the trauma of the removal of his children.

Ireland
K. v. K., 6 May 1998, transcript, Supreme Court of Ireland [INCADAT cite: HC/E/IE 285];

Israel
Dagan v. Dagan 53 P.D (3) 254 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/IL 807];

New Zealand
P. v. P., 13 March 2002, Family Court at Greymouth (New Zealand), [INCADAT cite: HC/E/NZ 533];

United Kingdom - Scotland
M.M. v. A.M.R. or M. 2003 SCLR 71, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKs 500];

South Africa
Smith v. Smith 2001 (3) SA 845 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/ZA 499];

Switzerland
5P.367/2005 /ast, Bundesgericht, II. Zivilabteilung (Tribunal Fédéral, 2ème Chambre Civile), [INCADAT cite: HC/E/CH 841].

In keeping with this approach there has also been a reluctance to find acquiescence where the applicant parent has sought initially to secure the voluntary return of the child or a reconciliation with the abducting parent, see:

United Kingdom - England & Wales
Re H. and Others (Minors) (Abduction: Acquiescence) [1998] AC 72 [INCADAT cite: HC/E/UKe 46];

P. v. P. (Abduction: Acquiescence) [1998] 2 FLR 835, [INCADAT cite:  HC/E/UKe 179];

Ireland
R.K. v. J.K. (Child Abduction: Acquiescence) [2000] 2 IR 416, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/IE 285];

United States of America
Wanninger v. Wanninger, 850 F. Supp. 78 (D. Mass. 1994), [INCADAT cite: HC/E/USf 84];

In the Australian case Townsend & Director-General, Department of Families, Youth and Community (1999) 24 Fam LR 495, [INCADAT cite: HC/E/AU 290] negotiation over the course of 12 months was taken to amount to acquiescence but, notably, in the court's exercise of its discretion it decided to make a return order.